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BY

ENGR. JORGE P. BAUTISTA


EE,MEP-ECE
COURSE OUTLINE
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
2. RESISTIVITY, RESISTANCE AND TEMPERATURE
EFFECT
3. RESISTOR COMBINATION AND OHM’S LAW
4. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
5. MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS
6. THEVENIN AND NORTON’S THEOREM
7. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION AND POWER
TRANSFER
8. TRANSIENTS
BOOKS AND REFERENCES
Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology, Bird, John, 5th
ed, Routledge, 2014
Alexander, Charles (2013), fundamentals of electric
circuits, McGraw Hill
Nahvi, mahmood (2011), Schaum’s outline of electric
circuit 5th ed, McGraw Hill
Boylestad, Introductory Circuit Analysis, 10th ed,
2003, Prentice Hall
Hayt, Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th ed, 2002,
McGraw Hill
HOUSE RULES
ATTENDANCE:
1. The names of each student will be called twice during
the lecture hours. If the student is present on the
first roll call and absent on the second roll call, the
student will be considered absent.
2. Attendance is included in the computation of grades.
ABSENCES:
1. A student should not have 6 absences to avoid failure
due to absences.
2. An absentee should have a valid reason in writing with
parents or guardian signature the nature of his being
absent.
3. An absentee is not excuse in the attendance, he is only
excuse in the submission of requirements. The
requirements should be submitted immediately on
the very day he come to the class after being absent.
ASSIGNMENTS:
1. Assignments should be submitted on time. Late
assignments are not accepted except if a student is
absent with valid reason.
2. Assignments are written in a short bond paper with
appropriate and complete front page and in
engineering lettering.
QUIZZES AND EXAMS:
1. All quizzes are announce. If a student is absent during
the quiz, he should take the quiz immediately on the
day he come to class. Failure to comply will forfeit the
special quiz or exam. The absentee will receive a
grade of 50 or its equivalent for that particular quiz
or exam
2. There is no advance quiz or exam. Quizzes are
different from the previously given to avoid leakage.
3. All quizzes and exams should be written in an
appropriate front page short bond paper.
LABORATORY:
1. Laboratory activities constitutes a part of the lecture
class in terms of a quiz. Absentees should perform the
activity on their own and should be done immediately
upon coming to class.
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT:
1. Take off your hats while inside the classroom.
2. No going out while the lecture is going on
3. No eating or drinking while inside the classroom.
Breaktime will be given at appropriate time.
4. Stop talking during lecture hour.
5. Ask appropriate questions at appropriate time. It will
not be entertained otherwise.
6. Class monitor for the day (projector whiteboard etc)
will be announce.
LESSON NO. 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to
- know the different types of electrical terms
- understand the principles of electricity
- compute simple electrical problems
- Know how to convert electrical units
Electrical Engineering: An overview
An Electrical Engineering is the profession concerned
with systems that produce, transmit and measure electric
signals. Electrical engineering combines the physicist’s
models of natural phenomena with the mathematician’s
tools for manipulating those models to produce systems
that meet practical needs. Electrical engineers have played
a dominant role in the development of systems that have
changed the way people live and work. Satellite
communication links, telephones, digital computers,
televisions, diagnostic and surgical medical equipment,
assembly-line robots and electrical power tools are
representative components of systems that define a
modern technological society.
Five major classifications of electrical systems:

1. Communication Systems
They are electrical systems that generate,
transmit, and distribute information. Well-known
examples include television equipment, such as
cameras, transmitters, receivers, and VCRs, radio
telescopes, satellite systems and the radar systems.
3. Control System
It uses electric signals to regulate processes.
Examples include the control of temperatures,
pressures, and flow rates in an oil refinery; the fuel air
mixture in a fuel injected automobile engine;
mechanisms such as the motors, doors and lights in
elevators and the lock in Panama Canal.
4. Power Systems
It generates and distributes electric power.
Electric power, which is the foundation of our
technology-based society, usually is generated in large
quantities by nuclear, hydroelectric and thermal
generators
5. Signal Processing System
It acts on electric signals which represent information.
They transform the signals and the information to a more
suitable form. There are many different ways to process the
signals and their information. For example, image-
processing system gather massive quantities of data from
orbiting weather satellite, reduce the amount manageable
level and transform the remaining data into a video image
for the evening news broadcast. A computerized
tomography scan is another example of an image-
processing system
Fundamentals of DC Circuits

Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons


and protons. Electrons are the negatively charge particle of an
atom while the proton is the basic positively charge.

Electricity is

a. the flow of electrons from an area high in electron excess to one


of lower electron content.
b. the flow of energy in a wire (similar to the flow of water in a
pipe) that is invisible, that causes the wire to become hot , causes
a magnetic field to develop around the wire and can be put to
work driving pumps, blowers, fans and so forth.
Electricity cannot be generated. It can neither be created
nor destroyed. It can, however, be forced to move and
thus transmit power or produce electrical phenomena.

Two types of electricity:

1. Static electricity – electricity at rest

2. Dynamic electricity – electricity in motion


Electrical Energy – the capacity to do electrical work

Unit: watt-sec, kilowatt-hour, joule

Eq 1.1 W=Pxt
Where: W = energy
P = power
t = time

Conversion factor: 1 joule = 107 ergs


Electric Power – the rate of doing electrical work or it is the rate at which
electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy.
Unit: joule/sec, watt

Eq 1.2 P = work/time = EI = E2/R = I2R


Where E = voltage
I = current
R = resistance

Horsepower – the theoretical unit of electric power.


Conversion factor: 1 Hp = 746 watts
= 550 ft-lbs/sec
= 33,000 ft-lbs/min
= 2,546 BTU/ hr
Efficiency – the ratio of the useful output power to the total
input power express in percent.

Eq 1.3 Pout
η = ------- x 100%
Pin

Where : Pout = power delivered by the machine


Pin = power supplied by the machine
Methods by which electrical energy or power are generated or
produced:

1. electromagnetic induction(generator)

2. chemical reaction(battery)

3. thermal action(thermocouple)

4. heating or vibration of crystals(solar or piezoelectric)

5. contact between unlike substances(friction; static electricity)


The common sources of electrical energy or power.

1. Battery – a single unit capable of producing DC voltage by converting


chemical energy into electrical energy.

2. Dynamo – a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical


energy and vice versa.

3. Motor – transformation from electrical energy to mechanical energy.


4. Generator – transformation from mechanical energy to electrical
energy.

5. Solar energy – it converts solar energy from the sun through the use of
solar cells.
Electrical components
1. Passive – can control energy, but they can not amplify
or modify
Ex. Resistors, inductors, transformers, etc

2. Active – capable of rectifying, amplifying, changing


energy from one form to another.
Ex. Diodes, transistors, vacuum tubes
Resistor – it limits the flow of current or reduce the voltage in a
circuit(resistance: ohms from Georg Ohm)

Capacitors – a component that is able to hold or store an electric


charge, block DC and passes AC. (capacitance: Farad from
Michael Faraday)

Inductors – whose physical construction is simply a coil of wire,


passes DC and limits AC(inductance: Henry from Joseph Henry)

Transformer – technically defined as an inductor, because it is


constructed by placing two coils in close proximity to one
another. It can step up or step down AC voltage but not DC
voltage.
The Electric Circuit
It is the complete path of the flowing electric current. It
is consist of source, connecting wires and load.
connecting wires

complete
source circuit load
Conductor – the name given to those materials which is
relatively easy to maintain an electric current. Typically
they have one electron in the valence shell.

Common materials used as conductors:

1. gold 6. lead
2. silver 7. nickel
3. copper 8. tungsten
4. aluminum 9. tin
5. zinc 10. nichrome
Insulator – the name given to those materials which is
very difficult to produce an electric current. Typically
have few free electrons in outermost shell of the atom

Common materials used as insulators:


1. glass 6. asbestos
2. porcelain 7. thermoplastic
3. paraffin 8. rubber
4. Mica 9. oil
5. teflon 10. paper
Voltage - (potential Difference) or (electromotive force) –
the force or pressure which makes electrons moves or tends
to move from atom to atom along the wire.

Unit: volt

In general, the potential difference between two


points is determine by

Eq. 1.8 V = W/Q

Where V = the potential difference, volts


W = energy, joules
Q = charge of an electron, coulomb(from
Charles Augustin de Coulomb)(1.602x10-19 C)
Potential – the voltage at a point with respect to another
point in the electrical system. Typically the reference
point is the ground, which is at zero potential.
Potential difference - the algebraic difference in
potential or voltage between two points of a network.
Voltage – when isolated, like the potential, the voltage at
a point with respect to the ground.
Electromotive force EMF – the force that establishes the
flow of charge (current) in a system due to the
application of a potential difference.
Current – the rate of flow of electrons per unit of time.
Unit: ampere
Eq. 1.9 Q
I = ------
t
where Q = charge of an electrons in Coulomb
t = time in seconds
I = ampere (Andre Marie Ampere)

conversion factor: 1 coulomb= 6.242x1018 electrons.


Types of current:
1. Direct Current
2. Alternating Current
DC Supplies
DC voltage sources can be divided into three categories:
1. Batteries (chemical actions) –it is consist of
combination of two or more similar cells, a cell being
the fundamental source of electrical energy developed
through the conversion of chemical or solar energy.
All cells can be divided into the primary or secondary
types. The secondary is rechargeable, whereas the
primary is not. The chemical reaction of the secondary
cell can be reversed to restore its capacity
2. Batteries have a capacity rating given in ampere-hours
(Ah). A battery with an ampere-hour rating of 100 will
provide steady current of 1A for 100 hours, 2A for 50
hrs, 10A for 10 hrs and so on, as determined by the
following equations,
Eq. 1.10 ampere-hour ratings
Life (hrs) = -------------------------------
ampere drawn

Therefore the capacity of a DC battery decreases


with an increase in the current demand and the
capacity of a DC battery decreases at relatively low and
high temperature.
2. Generators – This is quite different in construction
and mode of operation from batteries. When the shaft
of a generator is rotating at the name plate speed due
to the applied torque of some external source of
mechanical power, a voltage of rated value will appear
across the external terminals. The next figure illustrate
a simple DC Generator. The terminal voltage and
power handling capabilities of the DC generator are
typically higher than those of the batteries.
3. Power supplies – the DC supply encountered most
frequently in the laboratory employs the rectification
and filtering processes as its means toward obtaining a
steady DC voltage. The next figure illustrates power
supply used in the laboratory
Conductance – the reciprocal of resistance which allows
the current to pass through the circuit.

unit: mho

Eq 1.9
1
G = -----
R
EXAMPLE NO. 1
1. Convert 1.5Hp to ft-lbs/min
2. The charge flowing through a certain surface is 0.16 C every
64mSec. Determine the current in amperes.
3. Determine the time required for 4x1016 electrons to pass
through a n imaginary surface if the current is 5mA.
4. Determine the energy expended when moving a charge of
50uC through a potential difference of 6V.
5. Determine the life in minutes with a capacity of 450mAh if
the discharge current is 600mA?
6. Find the charge that requires 96 joules of energy to be
moved through a potential difference of 16V.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
1. Convert 2.5 x 107 ergs to joules

2. Convert 1.8 Hp to ft-lbs/min

3. Convert 6578 BTU/hr to watts

4. Convert 2.5Kw to Hp

5. The charge of 12 Coulomb moves past a given point


every 2 second. How much intensity of charge flow?
6. A lamp operating at 120 volts has a resistance of 240Ω. What is
the wattage of the lamp?

7. An electrical machine has an input power of 12 watts. Determine


the output power if it is 90% efficient?

8. How long in hours would it takes a 2000 watts electric unit


heater to convert 20 Kwhr of electrical energy into heat energy
when connected to 200 volts. The heater is rated 200 volts.

9. An electric flat iron draws 11 amperes at 120 volts. How much


power is used by the iron?

10. A certain circuit has a total resistance of 200Ω and the power it
absorb is 5watts. Find the voltage and current.
11. In a simple circuit, the voltage is 12 volts. If the current is increased by
1.0A and the resistance is decreased by 1.0, the voltage is reduced by
2.0V. Find the values of the original current and resistance.

12. How many 100 watts incandescent lamps can be connected to a 115V
circuit which is protected by a 15A fuses?

13. What is the cost of operating a 2 watts electric wall clock for one year
at PhP0.8 per KwHr?

14. A motor must lift an elevator car weighing 2000lbs at a height of


1200ft in 4 minutes. What is the theoretical size, in horsepower, of the
motor required? At 60% efficiency, what is the size, in horsepower, of
the motor required?

15. What is the resistance of a 2KW, 220V electric stove? What should be
its drawing current?
LESSON NO. 2
RESISTIVITY, RESISTANCE AND
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to
1. understand the factors that affect the resistance of a
conductor
2. compute for the resistance of a conductor using its cross
sectional area
3. decode resistor color codes
4. compute for the range of resistances of resistor
5. understand the effect of temperature in the resistances
6. to compute for the changes in resistances due to
temperature
EXAMPLE NO. 2
Surface mount resistor (SMD) are printed with
numerical values in a code related to that used on axial
resistors. Standard-tolerance surface-mount
technology (SMT) resistors are marked with a three-
digit code, in which the first two digits are the first
two significant digits of the value and the third digit is
the power of ten (the number of zeroes). For example:
334 = 330000Ω = 330KΩ
Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470.
The final zero represents ten to the power zero, which
is 1. For example:
100= 10 × 100 ohm = 10 ohms
Sometimes these values are marked as 10 to prevent a
mistake.
Resistance with less than 10Ω have “R” to indicate the
position of the decimal point. For example:
R22 = 0.22Ω
The tolerances are M=20%, K=10%, J=5%, G=2%, and
F=1% D=.5% C=.25% B=.1%
EXAMPLE NO. 3
Surface mount resistor readings:
Examples:
1. 472
2.643
3. 390
4. 1182
5. 8R4
6. K25
7. 12K
8. 1M2 K
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
I. Decode the given resistor color combinations by determining its
maximum and minimum value
1. green, blue, violet, silver
2. gray, green, white, red, gold
3. violet, orange, yellow, blue, red, red
4. Yellow, gray, green, blue
5. violet, green, gold, gold
II. Decode the given value of a SMR
1. R66 C
2. 756
3. 800
4. 6R4 D
5. K27 G
III. Determine the color code of the given range of
resistances
1. 79200Ω to 96800Ω
2. 855MΩ to 945MΩ
3. 6.75Ω to 8.25Ω
4. 72.2MΩ to 79.8MΩ
5. 1350Ω to 1650Ω

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