Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1. Communication Systems
They are electrical systems that generate,
transmit, and distribute information. Well-known
examples include television equipment, such as
cameras, transmitters, receivers, and VCRs, radio
telescopes, satellite systems and the radar systems.
3. Control System
It uses electric signals to regulate processes.
Examples include the control of temperatures,
pressures, and flow rates in an oil refinery; the fuel air
mixture in a fuel injected automobile engine;
mechanisms such as the motors, doors and lights in
elevators and the lock in Panama Canal.
4. Power Systems
It generates and distributes electric power.
Electric power, which is the foundation of our
technology-based society, usually is generated in large
quantities by nuclear, hydroelectric and thermal
generators
5. Signal Processing System
It acts on electric signals which represent information.
They transform the signals and the information to a more
suitable form. There are many different ways to process the
signals and their information. For example, image-
processing system gather massive quantities of data from
orbiting weather satellite, reduce the amount manageable
level and transform the remaining data into a video image
for the evening news broadcast. A computerized
tomography scan is another example of an image-
processing system
Fundamentals of DC Circuits
Electricity is
Eq 1.1 W=Pxt
Where: W = energy
P = power
t = time
Eq 1.3 Pout
η = ------- x 100%
Pin
1. electromagnetic induction(generator)
2. chemical reaction(battery)
3. thermal action(thermocouple)
5. Solar energy – it converts solar energy from the sun through the use of
solar cells.
Electrical components
1. Passive – can control energy, but they can not amplify
or modify
Ex. Resistors, inductors, transformers, etc
complete
source circuit load
Conductor – the name given to those materials which is
relatively easy to maintain an electric current. Typically
they have one electron in the valence shell.
1. gold 6. lead
2. silver 7. nickel
3. copper 8. tungsten
4. aluminum 9. tin
5. zinc 10. nichrome
Insulator – the name given to those materials which is
very difficult to produce an electric current. Typically
have few free electrons in outermost shell of the atom
Unit: volt
unit: mho
Eq 1.9
1
G = -----
R
EXAMPLE NO. 1
1. Convert 1.5Hp to ft-lbs/min
2. The charge flowing through a certain surface is 0.16 C every
64mSec. Determine the current in amperes.
3. Determine the time required for 4x1016 electrons to pass
through a n imaginary surface if the current is 5mA.
4. Determine the energy expended when moving a charge of
50uC through a potential difference of 6V.
5. Determine the life in minutes with a capacity of 450mAh if
the discharge current is 600mA?
6. Find the charge that requires 96 joules of energy to be
moved through a potential difference of 16V.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
1. Convert 2.5 x 107 ergs to joules
4. Convert 2.5Kw to Hp
10. A certain circuit has a total resistance of 200Ω and the power it
absorb is 5watts. Find the voltage and current.
11. In a simple circuit, the voltage is 12 volts. If the current is increased by
1.0A and the resistance is decreased by 1.0, the voltage is reduced by
2.0V. Find the values of the original current and resistance.
12. How many 100 watts incandescent lamps can be connected to a 115V
circuit which is protected by a 15A fuses?
13. What is the cost of operating a 2 watts electric wall clock for one year
at PhP0.8 per KwHr?
15. What is the resistance of a 2KW, 220V electric stove? What should be
its drawing current?
LESSON NO. 2
RESISTIVITY, RESISTANCE AND
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to
1. understand the factors that affect the resistance of a
conductor
2. compute for the resistance of a conductor using its cross
sectional area
3. decode resistor color codes
4. compute for the range of resistances of resistor
5. understand the effect of temperature in the resistances
6. to compute for the changes in resistances due to
temperature
EXAMPLE NO. 2
Surface mount resistor (SMD) are printed with
numerical values in a code related to that used on axial
resistors. Standard-tolerance surface-mount
technology (SMT) resistors are marked with a three-
digit code, in which the first two digits are the first
two significant digits of the value and the third digit is
the power of ten (the number of zeroes). For example:
334 = 330000Ω = 330KΩ
Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470.
The final zero represents ten to the power zero, which
is 1. For example:
100= 10 × 100 ohm = 10 ohms
Sometimes these values are marked as 10 to prevent a
mistake.
Resistance with less than 10Ω have “R” to indicate the
position of the decimal point. For example:
R22 = 0.22Ω
The tolerances are M=20%, K=10%, J=5%, G=2%, and
F=1% D=.5% C=.25% B=.1%
EXAMPLE NO. 3
Surface mount resistor readings:
Examples:
1. 472
2.643
3. 390
4. 1182
5. 8R4
6. K25
7. 12K
8. 1M2 K
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
I. Decode the given resistor color combinations by determining its
maximum and minimum value
1. green, blue, violet, silver
2. gray, green, white, red, gold
3. violet, orange, yellow, blue, red, red
4. Yellow, gray, green, blue
5. violet, green, gold, gold
II. Decode the given value of a SMR
1. R66 C
2. 756
3. 800
4. 6R4 D
5. K27 G
III. Determine the color code of the given range of
resistances
1. 79200Ω to 96800Ω
2. 855MΩ to 945MΩ
3. 6.75Ω to 8.25Ω
4. 72.2MΩ to 79.8MΩ
5. 1350Ω to 1650Ω