Carrier-Amplitude modulation

In baseband digital PAM:

(2d - the Euclidean distance between two adjacent points)

the transmitted signal waveforms:

special case:

rectangular
pulse
the Amplitude modulated Carrier
signal is usually called
amplitude shift keying (ASK)
 2
Gr ( f )

r
-W 0 W

Figure 7.1: Energy density spectrum of the transmitted signal

g (t).
T
 Baseband
signal sm ⊗ Bandpass signal
sm (t ) cos 2 πfc t

Carrier
cos( 2πf c t )

Figure 7.2: amplitude modulation of a sinusoidal carrier by the

baseband PAM signal
 1 2
Gr ( f )

r
-W 0 W
)a (
Um ( f )
1
2

f
- fc - W - fc - fc + W 0 fc - W fc fc + W
)b(
Figure 7.3: Spectra of (a) baseband and (b) amplitude-
modulated signal.
-5d -3d -d 0 d 3d 5d

Figure 7.4: Signal points that take M values on the real line

The baseband PAM signal waveforms in general:

Demodulation of PAM Signal
when we cross correlate the signal r(t)
with the signal waveform we get:

the variance can expressed as:

 X
X

Figure 7.5: Demodulation of bandpass digital PAM signal.

Example 7.1:
In an amplitude-modulated digital PAM system, the
transmitter filter with impulse response gT(t) has a square-root
raised-cosine spectral characteristic as described in Illustrative
problem 6.7, with a roll-off factor a=0.5. The carrier frequency
is fc=40/T. evaluate and graph the spectrum of baseband
signal and the spectrum of the amplitude-modulated signal

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_01
 Carrier-Phase Modulation

This type of digital phase modulation is called

Phase-Shift-Key
where gT(t) is the transmitting filter pulse shape.
when gT(t) is a rectangular pulse we expressed
the transmitted signal waveform (at 0 < t <T) as:
Example 7.2:
Generate the constant-envelope PSK signal waveforms given
by (1.3.4) for M=8. For convenience, the signal amplitude is
normalized to unity.

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_02
 01 00
Es

E E
11 10
M=2
M=4
011 001
010 Es 000

110 100
111 101 Figure 7.8:PSK signal constellations
M=8
Phase Demodulation and Detection

the two quadrature components of the additive noise

the received signal vector r is projected onto each
of the M possible transmitted signal vector {Sm}and
select the vector corresponding to the largest projection.
The correlation metrics

we select the {Sm} signal whosh phase is the closet

Example 7.3: We shall perform a Monte Carlo simulation of M=4 PSK
communication system that models the detector as the one that computes
the correlation metrics given in (7.3.15). The model for the system to be
simulated is shown in Figure 7.11.
Uniform random
number generator
Gaussian RNG

4-PSK nc rc 2-bit
+ Detector
symbol
MAPPER ns + rs
Gaussian RNG

compare

Bit-error Symbol-error
counter counter
Figure 7.11:Block diagram of an M=4 PSK system for Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_03
Monte Carlo simulation
Differential Phase Modulation and
Demodulation
 X

Block diagram of DPSK demodulator

Example 7.4: implement a differential encoder for the case of
m=8 DPSK.

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_04
Example 7.5:
Perform a Monte Carlo simulation of an M=4 DPSK
communication

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_05
Uniform random
number generator
Gaussian RNG

4-DPSK nc rc
+ Delay M=4DPSK 2-bit
MAPPER ns + rs Detector output
Gaussian RNG

compare

Symbol-error
counter

Figure 7.15: Block diagram of m=4 DPSK system for the Monte Carlo
simulation
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
the transmitted signal waveform

the combined digital amplitude

and digital-phase modulation form
 Transmitting
Balanced
filter gT(t) modulator

Oscillator
Binary Serial-to-
data parallel +
converter 90 Phase shift Transmitted
QAM signal

Transmitting Balanced
filter gT(t) modulator

Functional block diagram of modulator for QAM

Quadrature Amplitude demodulation
X
X

X
X
Demodulation and detection of QAM signals
Probability of Error for QAM in an AWGN
Channel
Example 7.6: perform a Monte Carlo simulation of am M=16-QAM
communication system using a rectangular signal constellation. The
model of the system to be simulated is shown in figure 7.22.

Uniform random
number generator
Gaussian RNG

M=16-QAM
Amc nc rc 4-bit
Ams
+ Detector
signal selector
symbol
ns + rs
Gaussian RNG

compare

Bit-error Symbol-error
counter counter

Figure:Block diagram of an M=16-QAM system for Answer

the Monte Carlo simulation MATLAB.lnk ip_07_06
Carrier-Frequency Modulation
Frequency-Shift Keying
Demodulation and detection of FSK signals
the filter received signal at the input
phase
shift

The additive bandpass noise

 ⊗
Sample at t=T
PLL1

⊗
Sample at t=T
Received PLL1

signal
Output
decision

⊗ Sample at t=T
PLL1

Figure 7.26: Phase-coherent demodulation of M-ary FSK signals.

 ⊗ ∫()dr
t
r1c
cos2πf c t
0
Sample at t=T
sin 2πf c t
⊗ ∫()dr
t r1c
0
Received signal

⊗ r1c
t
∫()dr
0
cos 2π ( f c + ∆f )t
Detector Output
sin 2π ( f c + ∆f )t
decision
⊗ ∫()dr t r1c
0 Sample at t=T

cos 2π [ f c + ( M − 1) ∆f ]t

⊗ t
∫()dr
0
r1c

cos 2π[ f c + ( M − 1) ∆f ]t
Sample at t=T
r1c
⊗ ∫()dr 0
t

Sample at t=T
Figure 7.26: Demodulation of M-ary signals for noncoherent detection .
 Example 7.7:Consider a binary communication system that employs
the two FSK signal waveforms given as
u1 (t ) = c os2πf 1t , 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
u1 (t ) = cos 2πf 2 t , 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Where f1 =1000/Tb and f2= f1+1/Tb. The channel imparts a phase shift ofφ
=45 on each of the transmitted signals, so that the received signal in the
absence of noise is π
r (t ) = c os(2πf i t + ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
4
Numerically implement the correlation-type demodulator for FSK
signals.

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_07
Probability of Error for Noncoherent
Detection of FSK
Example 7.8: perform a Monte Carlo simulation of a binary FSK communication system in
which the signal waveforms are given by(7.5.1) where f2 = f2 +1/ Tb and the detector is a square-
law detector. The block diagram of the the binary FSK system to be simulated is shown in
Figure 7.30.
Uniform Uniform Uniform
RNG RNG RNG

r1c r1c
⊕ ( )2 r1
r1s r1s ⊕ Output
⊕
2
FSK () Detector bit
signal r2c r2 c
selector r2s ⊕ ( )2 r2
r2s 2 ⊕
⊕ ()
Gaussian Gaussian
RNG RNG

compare

Bit-error counter
Figure7.30: Block diagram of a binary FSK system for the Monte Answer
Carlo simulation ip_07_08
MATLAB.lnk
Synchronization in Communication Systems
Carrier Synchronization: A local oscillator whose
phase is controlled to be synch with the carrier signal.

Phase-Locked Loop: A nonlinear feedback control sys

for controlling the phase of the local oscillator .

the input to
the PLL
the input of the loop filter

( e(t) has a high and a low frequency component. )

The role of the loop filter is to remove

the high frequency component.
⊗

Figure 7.32: The

Input signal
r(t) +
⊕-

Figure 7.33: The phase-locked loop after removal of high-frequency

components
 ⊕
+
-

Figure 7.34: The linearized model for a phase-locked loop.

Example 7.9: [First-order PLL] Assuming that

1 + 0.01s
G ( s) =
1+ s

And K=1, determine and plot the response of thePLL to an

abrupt change of height 1 to the input phase.

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_09
 Clock Synchronization
early-late gate: A simple implementation of clock
synch based on the fact that in a PAM communication
sys the output of the matched filter is the autocorrlation
function of the basic pulse signal used in the PAM sys.

The autocorrlation function is MAX and symmetric

when we are not sampling at the optimal sampling time:
in this case the correct sampling time is before
the assumed sampling time, and the sampling
should be done earlier / be delayed.

The early-late gate synch sys therefore takes

three samples at T1, T-, T+ and then compares
|y(T-) | and |y(T+) | and, depending on their
relative values,generates a signal to correct
the sampling time.
Matched filter output

Optimum sample
Early Late sample
sample

T- T T+
T- T T+

Figure 7.36: The matched filter output and early and late samples
Example 7.10:[clock synchronization]
A binary PAM communication systems uses a raised-cosine
waveform with a roll-off factor of 0.4. The system
transmission rate is 4800 bits/s. write a MATLAB file that
simulates the operation of an early-late gate for this system

Answer
MATLAB.lnk ip_07_10