CHS220804 (S1 Reguler)CHS220803E (S1 Ekstensi)

Departemen Teknik Kimia FT-UI

Pengajar : Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng/Ir. Diyan S M.Eng

Mechanics
Studies of forces and motions

There are several quantities that have to be addressed

in this discussion.
The first is force which was reviewed in physics.
The unit used to measure is [N].
Fluid Mechanics
 The study of liquids and gasses at rest
(statics) and in motion (dynamics), and the
forces on them

Involves various properties of the fluid, such as velocity,

pressure, density, viscosity, surface tention and temperature, as
functions of space and time.

Fluids include liquids, gases, and plasmas

 Differences between solids and fluids:

It is a known fact said that under shear stress

the fluid continuously and permanently deformed

It is also said that liquid cannot return to their
original state after the deformation.

while solid exhibits a finite deformation which

does not change with time.
relationships of fluid mechanics branches.

the boundary between the solid

mechanics and fluid mechanics is
some kind of gray area (not a sharp
distinction)

Fluid mechanics is a branch of

continuous mechanics which deals
with a relationship between forces,
motions, and statical conditions.

It deal with diversified problems such as

surface tension,
fluid statics,
flow in enclose bodies, or
flow round bodies, flow stability, etc
 Fluid mechanics deals with
three aspects of the fluid

1) Fluid statics:
The fluid which is in state of rest is called as static fluid and its
study is called as fluid statics.

2) Fluid kinematics:
The fluid which is in state of motion is called as moving fluid. The
study of moving fluid without considering the effect of external
pressures is called as fluid kinematics.

3) Fluid dynamics:
The branch of science which studies the effect of all pressures
including the external pressures on the moving fluid is called as fluid
dynamics.
 What is the necessity of studying fluids
as an aspect of engineering?
It allows us to explore the POTENTIAL OF FLUIDS for a
number of new APPLICATIONS and various functions.

1) Number of fluids, that when burnt, produce lots of heat, which can be used
for various applications. Examples of these fluids includes petrol and diesel
for vehicles.

2) Some fluids have a tendency to exert very high pressure or force. These
fluids can be used for lifting various heavy loads. The fluids used in hydraulic
machines are an example.

3) Some fluids have excellent flow properties which can be used for the
lubrication of various machines.

4) Fluids like water posses kinetic and potential energy, which is used for
generation of electricity as in hydroelectric power plants.
 Common Applications of Fluids

1) Hydroelectric Power Plants

Water is used to generate electricity on a large-scale basis. Water stored in
the dam possesses potential energy, which is converted into the electrical
energy in the power generation unit of the plant. Hydroelectric power plants
are one of the major suppliers of power throughout the world. In some
countries power requirements are fulfilled entirely by these plants.

2) Hydraulic machines
The fluid has the capacity to lift heavy loads and exert extremely high
pressures. Some hydraulic machines are used to perform various machining
operations.
In most of these machines, oil is used as the fluid. The oil is passed through
the hydraulic motor which transfers large amounts of energy to the fluid.
This high energy fluid enters the piston and cylinder arrangement where it
can be used to lift heavy loads or apply large forces.
3) Automobiles
Fluids perform three crucial operations in automobiles: generation of power,
lubrication, and cooling of the engine.
Petrol, referred to as fuelgenerates power on combustion in the engine.
Oil is used for the lubrication of the engine/gearbox/various other moving parts.
Water is used for cooling the engine.

4) Refrigerators and Air Conditioners

the fluids are known as refrigerants.
The refrigerant absorbs the heat from whatever is being kept in the chiller or
evaporator (at a low T) and delivers that heat to the atmosphere(s at a high T).
In air conditioners, the refrigerant absorbs room heat and throws it in to the
atmosphere, thereby keeping the room cool.
5) Thermal Power Plants
water is used as the working fluid. After getting heated in a boiler, water is
converted into superheated steam which is passes through the blades of
turbines, thus rotating them. The shaft of the turbine rotates in the
generator, where electricity is produced.

6) Nuclear power plants

Water is again a crucial power plant component.
Heat produced within the nuclear reactor is used to directly heat water,
which is converted into steam. This steam is passed through the turbines
similar to thermal power plants, rotating turbine blades to generate power.
This is an application of water as the working fluid.
7) Fluids as a Renewable Energy Source
Air or wind is one of the most popular sources of renewable energy.
Wind is used for generation of electricity on a small/large scale basis.
Water is used in tidal power plants to generate electricity.
Ocean waves are used to rotate turbine blades within the power plant.
Biodiesel, a type of the vegetable oil, is used as a fuel for vehicles.

8) Operating Various Instruments

Compressed air is used for the operation of various types of automatic valves.
These valves can be activated and deactivated by applying the pressure of
compressed air.
The pneumatic tools which work on compressed air are used for various
applications like grinding, screwing and unscrewing various machinery parts,
etc.
 SUBDIVISI MEKANIKA FLUIDA
 HYDRAULICS : the flow of water in rivers, pipes, canals, pump, turbines
 HYDROLOGY : the flow of water in the ground
 RESERVOIR MECHANICS : the flow of oil, gas and water in petroleum
reservoir

 AERODYNAMICS : the flow of air around aeroplanes, rocket projectils

 METEOROLOGY : the flow of the atmosfeer

 PARTICLE DYNAMICS : the flow of fluid around particles (dust settling, slurry,
pneumatic transfort, fluidized be, air pollutant particles)
 MULTIPLEPHASE FLOW oil well, carburetirs, fuel injector, combustion
chamber, sprays.

 VISCOUS DOMINATED FLOW; lubrication, injection molding, wire coating,

volcanoes, continental drift
Industrial application …
 DIAGRAM OF FLUID FLOW SYSTEM

Storage
Pipe

Valves

Flowmeter

Pump Process Equipment

Piping Systems

provides the energy

needed to overcome the
resistance to flow

1) Pump,
2) Process equipment and
3) Control equipment
 Periode 20011-12
 Lectures :
Rabu, 13:00-15:30 EC:104

 BEFORE Mid Test Pak Sukirno

 After Mid Test Pak Diyan S

 Tutorials : Asisten
 Assessment
Nilai  Nilai P.Kirno x 50% + Nilai P.Diyan x 50%

 Pak Kirno 50%

 25% : MidTest (2 jam)
 10% : Quiz (in class/tutorial)
 15% : Assigment
 Books
 Noel de Nevers Fluid Mechanics for Chemical
Engineer, Second Ed.

 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering, Vol 1,

5e (1996) Butterworth-Heinemann
 Lesson Plans Outline
STATIC FLUID APPLICATION
Vessel thickness design, Measurement of pressure, Separation of fluids with different density, Design of ship, hydraulic jack
FRICTION LOSSES ON PIPE SYSTEM (FOR LIQUID)
Basic fluid flow:viscosity, continuity eq.(mass balance), Bernoulli (Energy balance) Moody diagram, friction factor,
Friction loss calculation in pipelines system, pipe size design, Pump’s Energy requirement.
PUMP AND PUMPING SYTEM
Centrifugal Pump, Pump Design
FLOW MEASUREMENT
Tube Pitot tube, orificemeter, venturimeter, rotameter (areameter)
FORCES DUE TO FLOW THROUGH PIPE’S BENDS
Basic momentum balance, Forces on flanges, Forces on pipe’s bens
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FRICTION LOSSES FOR GAS FLOW
Basic : sound speed, fritionless flow, nozzle choking; Friction calculation
COMPRESSOR FOR GAS TRANSPORT
FRICTION LOSSES THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
Basic fluid-solid interaction, Blake-Kozeny, Ergun Darcy, FLUIDISASI, FILTRASI,
SEDIMENTATION
 Week
0 INTRODUCTION 1 Assigment
1 STATIC FLUID APPLICATION (Topic 1) 1 Lecturing, HW
2 FRICTION LOSSES ON PIPE SYSTEM FOR 2 Lecturing, HW
LIQUID (Topic2)
3 PUMP AND PUMPING SYSTEM (Topic3) 2 Lecturing, HW
4 FLOW MEASUREMENT (Topic4) 3 Lecturing, HW
5 FORCES DUE TO FLOW THROUGH PIPE’S 3 Lecturing,HW
BENDS (Topic5)
6 Presentasi Topic 1 (group 1 &2) 4 Discussion, quis
Presentasi Topic2 (group 3& 4) 5 Discussion, quis
Presentasi Topic3 (group 5 &6) 6 Discussion, quis
Presentasi Topic4 (group 7 &8) 7 Discussion, quis
Presentasi Topic5 (group 9 &10) 8 Discussion, quis
MIDTEST 9
DEFINITION OF FLUID
Common Fluids
 Liquids:
 water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
 Gasses:
 air, helium, hydrogen, steam
 Borderline:
 jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint, pitch
 What is a Fluid?
… a substance which deforms
continuously under the action of
shearing forces however small.

… unable to retain any unsupported

shape; it takes up the shape of any
enclosing container.

... we assume it behaves as a continuum

 The fluid is mainly divided into two categories: liquids and gases.

 What’s the difference?

The main difference between the liquids and gases state is that gas
will occupy the whole volume while liquids has an almost fix volume.

Hence, the pressure will not affect the volume. In gaseous phase, any
change in pressure directly affects the volume.

The gas fills the volume and liquid cannot. Gas has no free interface/surface
(since it does fill the entire volume).
 Liquids and gasses – What’s the difference?
Free Surface
Expands

Liquid
 Liquids:
 Close packed,
 strong cohesive forces,
retains volume,
 has free surface
Almost incompressible
Gas
 Gasses:
 Widely spaced,
weak cohesive forces,
free to expand
Relatively easy to compress
Perfect Gas Law
Note deviation from the text!
 PV = nRT
 R is the universal gas
constant
 T is in Kelvin

Use absolute pressure for P and absolute

temperature for T
 Vapor Pressure
8000
7000

Vapor pressure (Pa)

6000
5000
4000
3000
liquid 2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (C)
What is vapor pressure of water at 100°C? 101 kPa
Connection forward to cavitation!
 What is the Surface Tension of the Fluid

Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of

a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two
immiscible liquids such that contact surface behaves like a membrane
under tension.
Surface tension of the fluid is measured in terms of surface energy
per unit area or force per unit length mainly because it acts on the
surface. It is denoted by symbol Ϭ (sigma). The SI unit of
measurement of surface tension is N/m and its MKS unit is kgf/m.

he surface tension gives

water strider can walk razor blade is floating spherical shape to water
on water? on the surface drops.
Interesting Examples of Surface Tension in our Day-to-Day Life

Beading of water on waxed car: Waxing changes the

surface properties of your car. When the rains drops fall on
your waxed car, they smoothly slide down to the ground
keeping your car neat and clean and untouched. Water tends
to adhere weekly to the wax and strongly to itself.

Formation of drops from liquid: When

the liquid is stretched by applying force or
it is poured on some surface it tends to
form the droplets due to the surface
tension the fluid.
4) Mercury used in the thermometer: The mercury used in the
thermometer does not stick to the wall of the capillary tube because of the
surface tension. Had it stuck to the walls the measurement of temperature
would not have been correct.
5) Separation of oil and water: The separation of oil and water is caused
due to the difference in surface tension of the two liquids. There is also
separation of the fuel and lubricating oil in the engine due to their surface
tension. Had they mixed together, the fuel would have lost its combustion
properties while lubricating oil would have lost its viscosity and lubrication
properties.
6) Soap bubbles: Ordinarily the bubbles in water are unstable, but when
surfactants are introduced in water its surface tension is reduced by factor
of three or more. In such water the bubbles can remain stable; hence lots of
bubbles are seen in such liquids.
 The Molecular Origin of Surface Tension

 Imbalance of
intermolecular
forces exists at
the liquid-air
interface
 g la= the
surface tension
that exists at
the liquid-air
interface
The molecule A is completely
inside the fluid and it is attracted
by cohesive forces of the
surrounding molecules in all
directions. The resultant force
acting on molecule is zero.

the molecule B located at the surface of the fluid. There are downward
forces of attraction on this molecule due to other molecules. Thus there
is net resultant force acting on molecule B in the downward direction.
Thus the free surface of the fluid acts like a very thin film under tension
of the surface of the liquid acts as though it is an elastic membrane
under tension
Capillary Action
 The tendency of
liquids to rise up in
narrow tubes -
capillary action.
 Due to the
phenomenon of
surface tension.
 Capillary Rise
 The pressure exerted
by a column of liquid
is balanced by the
hydrostatic pressure. g 2r  ghr 2
 This gives us one of 2g  ghr
the best ways to
measure the surface ghr
tension of pure liquids g
2
and solutions.
 The Complication of Contact
Angles
 The balance of forces that results in
a contact angle, c.
 The contact angle gives information
on the ‘wettability’ of a surface.

g 2r  ghr 2

2g  ghr
ghr
g cos  
2
 CAPILLARY RISE AND FALL
If a tube is sufficiently narrow and the liquid adhesion to its walls is sufficiently
strong, surface tension can draw liquid up the tube in a phenomenon known
as capillary action. The height the column is lifted to is given by

Red=contact angle less than 90°;

blue=contact angle greater than 90°

If is greater than 90°, as with mercury in a glass

container, the liquid will be depressed rather than lifted.
 For a water-filled glass tube in air at standard laboratory conditions, γ =
0.0728 N/m at 20 °C, θ = 20° (0.35 rad), ρ is 1000 kg/m3, and g =
9.81 m/s2. For these values, the height of the water column is

Thus for a 4 m (13 ft) diameter glass tube in lab conditions given above (radius 2 m (6.6 ft)),
the water would rise an unnoticeable 0.007 mm (0.00028 in). However, for a 4 cm (1.6 in)
diameter tube (radius 2 cm (0.79 in)), the water would rise 0.7 mm (0.028 in), and for a
0.4 mm (0.016 in) diameter tube (radius 0.2 mm (0.0079 in)), the water would rise 70 mm
(2.8 in).
 Maximum bubble pressure method

Bubble pressure tensiometer produces gas bubbles (ex. air) at constant rate and blows them through a capillary
which is submerged in the sample liquid and its radius is already known.
The pressure (P) inside of the gas bubble continues to increase and the maximum value is obtained when the bubble
has the completely hemispherical shape whose radius is exactly corresponding to the radius of the capillary.

pmax .Rcap

2

A, B: A bubble appears on the end of the

capillary. As the size increases, the radius of
curvature of the bubble decreases.
C: At the point of the maximum bubble
pressure, the bubble has a complete
hemispherical shape whose radius is identical
to the radius of the capillary denoted by Rcap.
Surface Tensions of Pure
Liquids at 293 K
Substance g / (10-3 N/m)
Acetone 23.7
Benzene 28.8
Carbon
Tetrachloride 27.0

Methylene Iodide 50.8

Water 72.8
Methanol 22.6
n-Hexane 18.4
 Pressure increase in a spherical droplet

pR2

2R
2
p 
pR2 = 2R R
 0.080
Surface tension (N/m)
0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055
0.050
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (C)
 Example: Surface Tension
 Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa)
between the inside and outside of a bubble of
air in 20ºC water. The air bubble is 0.3 mm in
diameter.
20.073 N/m 
2  = 0.073 N/m p
p 0.15  103 m
R R = 0.15 x 10-3 m
p = 970 Pa

Statics! p  gh p 974 Pa
h   0.1 m water
g 9806 N / m 3

What is the difference between pressure in

a water droplet and in an air bubble?
 PERSAMAAN DASAR MEKANIKA FLUIDA

H. Newton F= m.a
H. Kekekalan Massa
H. Kekekalan Energi (H.Termodinamika 1)
H. Termodinamika 2
 Newton's Law of Gravity
Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.

Fg = The force of gravity (typically in newtons)

G = The gravitational constant, which adds the proper level of proportionality to the equation.
The value of G is 6.67259 x 10-11 N * m2 / kg2,
although the value will change if other units are being used.
m1 & m1 = The masses of the two particles (typically in kilograms)
r = The straight-line distance between the two particles (typically in meters)
 Newton's First Law of Motion

Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform

motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change
that state by forces impressed upon it.
 The Second Law in Action

The acceleration produced by a particular force acting on a body

is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and
inversely proportional to the mass of the body.

F F  m.a
a
m
mearth
Fg  G. 2 .m
r
Fg  g.m
 Mass and Weight
The handling of mass and weight depends on the systems of units
that is used. The most common systems of units are the
International System - SI

F=ma (1) W=mg (2)

where where
F = force (N) W = weight (N)
m = mass (kg) m = mass (kg)
a = acceleration (m/s2) g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)

The force 1N act on 1kg mass: The weight 1 kg mass can be expressed as:

w = (1 kg) (9.807 m/s2)

a= F/m= 1 N /1kg=1 m/s2)
= 9.807 (N)
 British Gravitational System - BG

3 base units in the Imperial system are ft, s, lbf

The unit of mass, the slug, is derived from the pound-force by defining it as
the mass that will accelerate at 1 foot per second per second when a 1
pound-force acts upon it:

1 lb = (1 slug)(1 ft/s2)

With a standard gravity

- g = 32.17405 ft/s2 –

On the earth
the mass of 1 slug weights 32.17405 lbf
 English Engineering System - EE

the basic unit of mass is lbm) and the force is lbf

1 lbf will give a mass of 1 lbm a standard acceleration of 32.17405 ft/s2.

F = m a / gc (3) mg
where W
gc = a proportionality constant gc

1 lbf = (1 lbm)(32.174 ft/s2) / gc

or
gc = (1 lbm)(32.174 ft/s2)/(1 lbf )

1 slug = 32.17405 lbm

 gc YANG SERING MEMBINGUNGKAN,

Eng System 1 lbm ( on earth g=32.17405 ft/s2.) will gives 1lbf

mg lbm ft lb ft
gc   32 2  32.17 m 2
W lb f s lb f s

SI System 1kg mass ( on earth g=9, 806 m/s2 ) will gives 9,806 N
m2
kg m 9.806
mg s = 1
gc  
W 9.806 N

CGS System
1g mass ( on earth g=9, 806 cm/s2 ) will gives 9,806 dyne

cm 2
g m 980.6
mg s =1
gc  
W 980.6 dyne
Secondary Units

 Force
N = kg-m/s2 (Newton)
lbf = slug-ft/s2 (pound force)
= 32.2 lbm-ft/s2
 Work (Force through a distance)
J = N-m (Joule)
ft-lbf (foot pound)
 Energy (Work per time)
W = J/s (Watt)
ft-lbf/s (foot pound per sec)
hp 550 ft-lb/s (horsepower)
Conversion of Units