University of Calcutta

Department of Applied Physics

Presentation for Induction Motor CT (EE501)

TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS EXPLANATION

Presented by:
Rahul Mitra
Semester: V
Year: 3rd
Roll no.: 11
Stream: Electrical Engineering
 Program Outcomes
Of B.Tech in Electrical Engineering

1. An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, computational techniques, science and engineering fundamentals to the appropriate
areas of the discipline.

2. An ability to identify a problem, analyze and formulate the course of action(s) appropriate to its solution.

3. An ability to design, development and implementation of an electrical system, process, component, or part of any one or more of them to
meet desired needs with appropriate consideration of the solution of the problem.

4. An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data enabling a graduate to develop keen interest in
investigating a complex problem.

5. An ability to use current techniques and develop the skills of using modern tools for solving electrical and allied engineering problems.

6. An ability to analyze the local and global impact of modern technological trends on individuals, organizations and society as a whole with
appropriate consideration for public health, safety and awareness of energy usage.

7. Knowledge of contemporary power engineering issues in respect of environment and sustainability.

8. An understanding of professional, ethical, legal, security and social issues and responsibilities.

9. An ability to function individually and in teams to accomplish a common goal in diverse and multidisciplinary area.

10. An ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences.

11. Recognition of the need for and an ability to engage in continuing professional development.

12. To apply economics and management principles for optimum allocation of resources to achieve a viable project solution.
 Course Outcomes
For Electrical Machines-II EE501 Course

CO1: Understand construction and principle of operation of poly-phase induction machine.

CO2: Understand construction and principle of operation of synchronous machine

CO3: Learn the characteristic of synchronous machine under different operating condition.

CO4: Calculate the regulation using different methods.

 Presentation Layout

1. Thevenin equivalent circuit

2. The T-s Curve

3. Different Modes

4. Maximum (Breakdown) Torque

5. T-s characteristics with increasing values of rotor resistance

6. T-s profile at various supply voltages

7. Starting Torque

8. Approximate Relations

9. Useful Torque Formulas

10. Bibliography
 Thevenin equivalent circuit

The expression for torque-slip

characteristic (T(s)) is easily obtained by
finding the Thevenin equivalent of the
circuit model to the left of ab.

The circuit then reduces to Fig. 3 in

which it is convenient to take VTH as the
reference voltage.

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

…. (1)
 The T-s Curve

Equation (1) is the expression for torque developed as a

function of voltage and slip, using the definition of torque
applied in the circuit model.

For a given value of slip, torque is proportional to the

square of voltage.

The torque-slip characteristic at fixed (rated) voltage

is plotted in the adjacent figure.
 Different Modes

1. Motoring mode: 0 ≤ s ≤ 1

For this range of slip, the load resistance in the circuit model is positive, i.e. mechanical power is output or
torque developed is in the direction in which the rotor rotates.

(a) Torque is zero at s = 0.

(b) The torque has a maximum value, called the breakdown torque, (TBD) at slip s(max,T). The motor would
decelerate to a halt if it is loaded with more than the breakdown torque.

(c) At s = 1, i.e. when the rotor is stationary, the torque corresponds to the starting torque, Ts. In a normally
designed motor Ts is much less than TBD.

(d) The normal operating point is located well below TBD. The full-load slip is usually 2% to 8%.

(e) The torque-slip characteristic from no-load to somewhat beyond full-load is almost linear.
 Different Modes

2. Generating mode: s < 0

(a) Negative slip implies rotor running at super-synchronous speed (n > ns).

(b) The load resistance is negative in the circuit model which means that mechanical power must be
put in while electrical power is put out at the machine terminals.

3. Braking mode: s > 1

(a) The motor runs in opposite direction to the rotating field (i.e. n is negative), absorbing mechanical
power (braking action) which is dissipated as heat in the rotor copper.
 Maximum (Breakdown) Torque

While maximum torque and the slip at which it occurs can be obtained by differentiating the expression
of Eq. (1), the condition for maximum torque can be more easily obtained from the maximum power
transfer theorem of circuit theory.
The torque is maximum when is maximum, i.e. maximum power is absorbed by . This condition is
given as :

It is immediately observed that the maximum torque is independent of the rotor resistance, while the slip at
which it occurs is directly proportional to it.
 T-s characteristics with increasing values of rotor resistance

The torque-slip characteristic of an induction

motor can be easily modified by adding
external resistance as shown in figure with a
progressively increasing resistance in the rotor
circuit.

It may be seen that as per the previous slide’s

eq., the maximum torque remains unchanged
while the slip at maximum torque
proportionally increases as resistance is added
to the rotor circuit.
 T-s profile at various supply voltages

Speed can also be controlled in this

way by changing the stator voltage.

It may be noted that the torque

developed in an induction motor in
proportional to the square of the terminal
voltage.
 Starting Torque

Letting s =1 :

The starting torque increases by adding resistance in the rotor circuit. The maximum starting torque is
achieved for

At the same time the starting current will reduce with s = 1.

This indeed is the advantage of the slip-ring induction motor in which a high starting torque is obtained
at low starting current.
 Approximate Relations

Sometimes for getting a rough estimate of the operational characteristic, it is convenient to assume the
stator impedance to be negligible which leads to

Then,
 Approximate Relations

Around the rated (full-load) speed, the slip of the induction motor is so small that

Then;

It is immediately observed from the above eq. that the torque-slip relationship is nearly linear in the region of
low slip.
This explains the linear shape of the characteristic, as shown in previous slides.
Useful Torque Formulas
 Bibliography

1. Electric Machinery Fundamentals – S. J. Chapman, 4TH ed, McGraw-Hill.

2. Alternating Current Machines – M. G. Say, Wiley.

3. Electric Machines – I. J. Nagrath, D. P. Kothari, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill.

4. 3-phase Induction Motor – Module 8, NPTEL, IIT Kharagpur.

5. Torque-slip characteristics – Electrical4u.com

6. Google and Wikipedia articles.

Special Mention:

This presentation would’ve been incomplete without the invaluable guidance and priceless
lectures on 3-ph Induction machines by Dr. Samarjit Sengupta.
Thank You Sir and all
my fellow friends.

TO PEACE AND KNOWLEDGE.