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P r ,
O
= directed angle Polar Axis
Counterclockwise from polar axis to OP .
Plotting Points in the Polar
Coordinate System
The point 2, lies
r , two units from the pole on the
terminal side of the angle .
3
3
The point r , 3, 6 lies three units
from the pole on the terminal side of
the angle .
6
11
The point r , 3, 6
coincides with
the point 3, 6 .
Multiple Representations of Points
In the polar coordinate system, each point does not have a unique
representation. In addition to 2 , we can use negative values
for r . Because r is a directed distance, the coordinates r ,
and r , represent the same point.
2
1. 4,
3
5
2. 5,
3
7
3. 3,
6
7
4. ,
8 6
Graphing a Polar Equation
r 4sin
2 5 7 3 11
0 2
6 3 2 3 6 6 2 6
r 0 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 0 2 4 2 0
circle
Using Symmetry to Sketch a
Polar Graph
Symmetry with respect to Symmetry with respect to Symmetry with respect to
the line . the Polar Axis. the Pole
2
r ,
r , r ,
r ,
r ,
r ,
Tests for Symmetry
The graph of a polar equation is symmetric with respect to the
following if the given substitution yields an equivalent equation.
1. The line : Replace r , with r , - .
2
1
Symmetry Test Fails
Unfortunately the tests for symmetry can guarantee symmetry, but there are
polar curves that fail the test, yet still display symmetry. Let’s look at the graph
of r 2 . Try the symmetry tests. What happens?
Original Replacement New
Equation Equation
r 2 r, with r , r 3 Not symmetric
about the line = .
2
All of the tests indicate that no symmetry exists. Now, let’s look at the graph.
You can see that the graph is symmetric with respect to
the line .
2
r 2
Spiral of Archimedes
Quick Test for Symmetry
The graph of r a sin is symmetric with respect to the line .
2
Circles Lemniscates
r 2 cos r 1 sin
Type of curve: Convex Limacon Cardioid Limacon
Symmetry: sym. @ polar axis sym. @ line =
2
Maximum | r | 3,0 3
2, 2
Zeros of r none
0, 2