Fourier Analysis

x(t) is a continuous-time periodic function

1
ak   x(t )e  jkot
dt CTFS Analysis
To To


x(t )  a e
k  
k
jko t
CTFS Synthesis

ak only exists for discrete values of k

 x[n] is a discrete-time periodic function
2
1  jk (
ak   x[n]e
)n
N DTFS Analysis
N N
2
x[n]   ak e
jk ( )n
N DTFS Synthesis
N
ak only exists for discrete values of k and
also, ak is periodic with period N
 x(t) is a continuous-time function


 x(t )e
 jt
X ( j )  dt CTFT Analysis
t  

1 

j t
x(t )  X ( j )e d CTFT Synthesis
2  

X(jω) exists for all values of ω

 x[n] is a discrete-time aperiodic function

j
X (e )   x[n]e
n  
 jn
DTFT Analysis

1

j jn
x[n]  X ( e ) e d DTFT Synthesis
2 2

X(ejω) exists for all values of ω and is periodic (i.e., is

identical for ω that differ by integral multiples of 2π)
 2
1  jk ( ) n
ak   x[n]e N
1
ak   x(t )e  jkot dt
To To N N

 2
x(t )  a e jko t
x[n]   ak e
jk ( )n
N
k
k   N

 
X ( j )   x(t )e
 jt
dt X ( e j )   x[n]e
n  
 jn

t  

1  1
 X ( j )e jt d 
j jn
x(t )  x[n]  X ( e ) e d
2   2 2
• Fourier analysis allows us to represent signals as weighted superpositions
of complex sinusoids. The weights are a function of the complex sinusoidal
frequencies and provide a frequency-domain description of the signal.
There are four distinct representations applicable to four different signal
classes:
• The CTFS applies to continuous-time periodic signals and represents the
signal as a weighted sum of an infinite number of continuous-time
complex sinusoids whose frequencies are integer multiples of the signal’s
fundamental frequency. Here, the frequency-domain representation is a
discrete and non-periodic function of frequency.
• The DTFS applies to discrete-time N-periodic signals and represents the
signal as a weighted sum of N discrete-time complex sinusoids whose
frequencies are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the
signal. This frequency-domain representation is a discrete and N-periodic
function of frequency.
• The CTFT represents non-periodic continuous-time signals as a weighted
integral of continuous-time complex sinusoids whose frequencies vary
continuously from −∞ to ∞. Here the frequency-domain representation is
a continuous and nonperiodic function of frequency
• The DTFT represents nonperiodic discrete-time signals as a weighted
integral of discrete-time complex sinusoids whose frequencies vary
continuously over an interval of 2𝜋. This frequency –domain
representation is a continuous and 2𝜋-periodic function of frequency.
• The frequency domain offers an alternative perspective of signals and the
systems they interact with. Certain characteristics of signals are more
easily identified in the frequency-domain than in the time-domain and
vice versa. Also, some systems’ problems are more easily solved in the
frequency-domain than in the time-domain and vice versa.