Cell Reproduction

Larger the cell - not enough DNA to “tell” it

what to do.
Larger the cell, more difficult to exchange
materials (ex. Waste)

Surface area to volume ratio: The volume of a

cell increases faster than its surface area.
Cell Division – the process by which a cell
divides into 2 new “daughter cells”
Results is two cells identical to the original,
cell
 Chromosomes
• Made up of DNA
• Visible during cell division
• Each chromosome is made up of two
identical: chromatids
• Chromatids: copy of DNA or chromosome
• Centromeres: area in the middle where
chromosomes are attached
 Introduction to Cell Cycle
• Series of events a cell goes through as
they grow and divide
• Cell prepares for division, divides to form 2
daughter cells, those cells then begin the
process.
 Events of the Cell Cycle
A. Interphase
• Divided into 3 phases; G, S phase, & G2
– G1: Cells grow
– S phase: DNA replication
– G2: Prepares for mitosis (CELL DIVISION)
finishes growing and rest

Interphase is the longest stage in the cell cycle!

B. Mitosis

• The phase of the cell cycle when the cell

begins division

• Occurs when cell size is at a maximum.

• Also called M phase

• There are four stages of mitosis:
• Occurs in every cell of your body
– 1. Prophase
– 2. Metaphase
– 3. Anaphase
– 4. Telophase

• “P puppies pee on a M A T
• PMAT
Prophase: The first phase of mitosis
– First and longest phase of mitosis

– Chromosomes are visible

– Centrioles (tiny support structures) move to

each end of the nucleus.

– Spindle (fanlike microtubule) form

– Nuclear envelope breaks down

Prophase
Metaphase: The second phase of
mitosis.

– Chromosomes line up down the center of cell

– Each chromosome is connected to a spindle

fiber at the centromere a button that holds
sister chromatids together.
 Metaphase

Sister Chromatids
line up in center
• Anaphase: the third phase of mitosis
– Sister chromatids separate into individual
chromosomes and are moved apart.
Telophase: The fourth phase of mitosis
– Chromosomes gather at opposite ends
– Lose their shape
– 2 new nuclear envelopes form.
Cytokinesis
– Cytoplasm pinches in half

– Each daughter cell has an identical set of

chromosomes
• Animal vs. Plant Cells
– Some variations happen in the cell cycle in
plant cells:
• Plant cells do not have centrioles
• Plant cells form a cell plate between
• daughter cells in cytokinesis
• Cell Cycle Regulators
– Cyclins: proteins which regulates the timing of
the cell division

• Internal regulators
• External regulators
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
– Cancer: cancer cells do not respond to the
signals that regulate the growth of most cells.

– Cells grow out of control – tumors

– Tumors then take over the blood supply and

normal cells do not get the oxygen and
nutrients they need.

• What causes cancer?

 Causes of Cancer
– Environmental factors
• Smoking and Chewing tobacco
Called Carcinogens
–Breast, mouth, lung, pancreatic,
liver, etc.
• Exposure to sunlight (UV Radiation)
– Basal Cell, Malignant melanoma
• Diet –foods you eat (chemicals you
take in)
 Genetic Factors
• Inherited genes ( passed down through
family genes)

• Viral Infections

Mutagens
 Where you live!!!!
• Where you live is also an important factor
in cancer rates
– When you move to a different country, your
chances of getting different kinds of cancer
change to those in your new country.
– The possibility of your getting certain cancers
is no longer the same as it was in your
original country
– Cancer Growth Website
 Control of the Cell Cycle and
Can
• Cell division and the cell cycle is
controlled by genes .

• Genes are segments of DNA that

code for proteins.
 Mutations

• Mutations, any change to the DNA

, can lead to loss of control of the cell
cycle.
• Mutations can be caused by mutagens
and carcinogens . Examples include:
• Radiation
• Chemicals like asbestos and formaldehyde
• Pollutants like radon and cigarette smoke
• The result of this loss of control is
cancer . Cancer is uncontrolled
cell division.
•
• Examine the figure below which
compares normal and cancer cells.
 Causes of cancer

• Mutagens and carcinogens

• Genetics
• Age
• Environmental Factors
 Why does cancer kill?

• Cancer is lethal because it can

move from one location in the body
to another. This is called metastasis
• In this process, cancer cells break
off from the origin and then enter
blood vessels and travel to a new
location.
• This interferes with function
of the organs in those locations
possibly leading to death.
•
 Most dangerous cancers - 4
types are most lethal:
• Lung
• Breast
• Colon
• Prostate
 Treatments for Cancer

– Chemotherapy – use of chemicals that

target cancer cells
– Radiation therapy
– Surgery – removal of the mass of tissue
called a tumor
– Immunotherapy – therapy designed to
boost immune system function to help
fight the spread of cancer