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PRINCIPLE OF THERMAL
ENGINEERING
MV2021
CHAPTER ONE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Definition, Meaning and Application of
Thermodynamics
= Universe
Fig. 1.1 System, Surroundings, Boundary and Universe
Application of thermodynamics
Application of thermodynamics
Application of thermodynamics
Application of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic systems
Based on the energy and mass interactions of the systems
with surroundings/other systems across the boundary the
system can be classified as the open, close, and isolated
system.
Open system is the one in which energy and mass interactions
take place at the system boundary, for example automobile
engine.
Closed system is the one in which only energy interactions
take place at its boundary, for example boiling water in a
closed pan.
Isolated system is the one in which neither mass interaction
nor energy interaction take place across the system boundary,
for example Thermos Flask
1.2
Thermodynamic Properties
Any characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a property.
Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V,
and mass m.
Extensive properties are properties that vary directly with the size
of the system.
Examples: volume, mass, total energy
Intensive properties are properties that are independent of the size
of the system.
Examples: temperature, pressure, color
State & Equilibrium
If a system is Considered as not undergoing any change then all
the properties can be measured or calculated throughout the
entire system which gives us a set of properties that completely
describes the condition. At this point its said a state of the
system.
State Postulate
– The thermodynamic state of a simple compressible substance
is completely specified by two independent intensive
properties.
A Process
Process
A
A Cyclic process
V
When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains
infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called a
quasistatic, or quasi-equilibrium, process.
A quasi-equilibrium process can be viewed as a sufficiently slow
process that allows the system to adjust itself internally so that
properties in one part of the system do not change any faster than
those at other parts.
When a gas in a piston-cylinder device is compressed suddenly, the
molecules near the face of the piston will not have enough time to
escape and they will have to pile up in a small region in front of the
piston, thus creating a high-pressure region there and is not in
equilibrium However, if the piston is moved slowly, the molecules
will have sufficient time to redistribute and the pressure inside will
rise at the same rate at all locations. Since equilibrium is maintained
at all times, this is a quasi-equilibrium process.
Steady flow processes
The term steady implies no change with time.
The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.
The term uniform implies no change with location over a
specified region.
large number of engineering devices operate for long periods
of time under the same conditions, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.
Processes involving such devices can be represented
reasonably well by a somewhat idealized process, called the
steady-flow process, which can be defined as a process
during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
During a steadyflow process, fluid properties within the control
volume may change with position but not with time.