SPNGN1101S02L02

Basic LAN Switching
© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. SPGN1 v1.01—2-1
• Define the types of Ethernet LAN connection media and list the connection
requirements for an Ethernet LAN
• Describe the function of the network interface card (NIC) in an Ethernet LAN
• Describe the various Ethernet implementations and the associated specifications
• List the characteristics of straight-through and crossover twisted-pair cables, and
explain the appropriate uses for each
• Describe the standards for running Ethernet over unshielded twisted pair wiring
• Describe the RJ-45 connector used in Ethernet UTP installations
• Describe the wiring standards and uses for straight-through Ethernet cables
• Describe the wiring standards and uses for crossover Ethernet cables
• Compare straight-through and crossover Ethernet cables
• Describe fiber as a connection media
• Describe how fiber-optic cables are constructed
• Describe multimode and single-mode fiber
• Describe the function and specifications for optical transmitters
• Describe the various connector types used to terminate fiber-optic cables
• Describe how to maintain fiber-optic connectors
• Describe dense wavelength-division multiplexing
• The mechanical properties for Ethernet depend on the type of physical
medium:
- Coaxial (not used anymore)
- Copper
- Fiber optic
• Ethernet was originally based on the idea of computers communicating
over a shared coaxial cable, sharing files and applications.
• Modifying Ethernet to conform to
twisted pair telephone wiring
already installed in commercial
buildings provided opportunity to
lower costs.
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)-
based Ethernet, which uses
copper, became widely deployed
since the 10BASE-T standard.
• Fiber-optic variants of Ethernet
offer high performance, electrical
isolation, and wide distance (tens
of kilometers, with some versions).
• Computer hardware component
that connects a computer to a
network
• NIC is plugged into a
motherboard and provides a port
for connecting to the network PCs
• Unique MAC address is burned
onto each NIC by the
manufacturer
• NIC is a device working on:
- OSI Layer 1 (physical)
- OSI Layer 2 (data link)
• 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Ethernet standardized in June 2010 as IEEE
802.3ba, with one addition in March 2011 as IEEE 802.3bg
Ethernet Media Maximum Segment Length Connector

Implementation
100BASE-TX EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP 2 pair 100 m (328 ft) ISO 8877 (RJ-45)
1000BASE-T EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP 4 pair 100 m (328 ft) ISO 8877 (RJ-45)
1000BASE-SX • 62.5-micron multimode fiber • 275 m (900 ft) N/A

• 50-micron multimode fiber • 550 m (1800 ft)
1000BASE-LX 9-micron single-mode fiber 3–10 km (1.9–6.2 miles) N/A
10GBASE-SR • 62.5-micron multimode fiber • 26–82 m (85–270 ft) N/A

• 50-micron multimode fiber • 300 m (980 ft)
10GBASE-LR 9-micron single-mode fiber 10–25 km (6.2–15.5 miles) N/A
40GBASE single-mode fiber 10 km (6.2 miles) N/A
100GBASE multimode fiber 40 km (24.8 miles) N/A
Characteristic Value
Speed and throughput From 10 Mb/s to 10 Gb/s
Average cost per node Least expensive
Media and connector size Small
Maximum cable length Varies
Ethernet Media Maximum Segment Length Signaling
Implementation
10BASE-T EIA/TIA Category 3, 4, 5 100 m (328 ft) Manchester coded
UTP 2 pair
100BASE-TX EIA/TIA Category 5 UTP 2 pair 100 m (328 ft) 4B5B MLT-3 coded
1000BASE-T EIA/TIA Category 5, 5e UTP 4 100 m (328 ft) PAM-5 coded

pair
10GBASE-T EIA/TIA Category 5, 5e UTP 4 100 m (328 ft) DSQ128
pair
8 Brown 8
Server
White Brown
Orange
White Blue
Straight-through cable Blue
White Orange
Switch Green
Router 1 White Green 1
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T

Pin Label Pin Label Pin Label Pin Label
1 TX+ 1 TX+ 1 BI_DA+ 1 BI_DA+
2 TX- 2 TX- 2 BI_DA- 2 BI_DA-
3 RX+ 3 RX+ 3 BI_DB+ 3 BI_DB+
4 NC 4 NC 4 BI_DC+ 4 BI_DC+
5 NC 5 NC 5 BI_DC- 5 BI_DC-
6 RX- 6 RX- 6 BI_DB- 6 BI_DB-
7 NC 7 NC 7 BI_DD+ 7 BI_DD+
8 NC 8 NC 8 BI_DD- 8 BI_DD-
EIA/TIA T568A EIA/TIA T568B
Crossover cable 8 Brown 8

White Brown
Orange
White Blue
Blue
White Orange
Green
Switch Switch
1 White Green 1
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T

Pin Label Pin Label Pin Label Pin Label
1 TX+ 3 RX+ 1 BI_DA+ 3 BI_DB+
2 TX- 6 RX- 2 BI_DA- 6 BI_DB-
3 RX+ 1 TX+ 3 BI_DB+ 1 BI_DA+
4 NC 4 NC 4 BI_DC+ 7 BI_DD+
5 NC 5 NC 5 BI_DC- 8 BI_DD-
6 RX- 2 TX- 6 BI_DB- 2 BI_DA-
7 NC 7 NC 7 BI_DD+ 4 BI_DC+
8 NC 8 NC 8 BI_DD- 5 BI_DC-
• Crossover cables needed only in older network installations
• Auto-MDIX automatically detects the required cable connection
Straight-Through Cable Crossover Cable
• Dopant particles are evenly distributed all through the core of the fiber.
Core
9 125 250
Cladding
Buffer (or Coating)

Dimensions are in microns (10–6 meters)
• Light should be reflected in such way to stay inside the optical fiber
(multiple paths may be possible)
• Refraction: Light leaks out of fiber core (not good)
• Reflection: Light remains in fiber core (good)
• Fiber core and cladding are made of silica.
• Light is confined in the core because of the properties of glass.
• The properties are controlled by selectively adding various elements.
• The buffer (or coating) is usually plastic or Kevlar to protect the fiber.
• Multimode Fiber (MMF): Multimode Fiber (MMF)
- Core diameter varies:
n2 Cladding
• 50 microns for step index
• 62.5 microns for graded index
- Cladding diameter is 125 microns n1 Core
- Bit rate-distance product is more
than 500 MHz-km
- Allows many paths (“modes”) for
the light—LED transmitter Single-Mode Fiber (SMF)
• Single-Mode Fiber (SMF):
- Core diameter is 9 microns n2 Cladding
- Cladding diameter is 125 microns
- Bit rate-distance product is more n1 Core
than 100 THz-km
- Allows only one single path for
the light—laser transmitter
• Turn electrical current into light
• Common light sources for fiber communications are LEDs and lasers
LEDs Lasers
Primarily short reach over MMF in the Primarily intermediate and long reach
850 nm and 1310 nm range over both MMF and SMF in the 1310 nm
and 1550 nm range
Lower power (-25 to -20 dBm) Higher power (-3 to +8 dBm)
Wide spectral width (35 to 100 nm) Narrow spectral width (0.01 to 6 nm)
Lower cost Higher cost
• About 70 different connector types
in use
• Threaded, bayonet, or push-pull
• Metal or plastic sleeve
• Simplex connectors:
- ST—Typical for patch panels
(durability)
- SC—Typical for enterprise equipment
- FC—Typical for telco equipment
• Swapping between transmit and receive cable is a common cause of
errors in patching.
• Duplex connectors are used to avoid swapping transmit and receive
cables.
Volition
• Competing technologies
• No official standard:
- MT-RJ
- Volition
- LC:
• Classical design
MT-RJ
• Like a mini-SC
- Panduit Opti-Jack LC Opti-Jack
- SC-DC and SC-QC
- MU
SC-DC
• Dust particles can be 20 microns or larger.
• A 1-micron dust particle landing on the core of an SMF can cause up to
1 dB of loss.
• Fiber-optic connectors need to be cleaned every time they are mated
and unmated.
• Warning: Do not inspect or clean optical connectors that are emitting
optical power.
• Warning: Optical power can permanently damage eyes or burn skin.
• Note: Maintenance procedures are intended for use by qualified
personnel only.
• Optical signals of different wavelengths do not interfere with each other
on the fiber.
• Wavelengths used in DWDM are tightly spaced in the 1550-nm window.
• DWDM takes multiple signals, each of which is assigned a distinct
wavelength (channel), and injects them onto a single fiber.
• The mechanical properties for Ethernet depend on the type of physical
medium, with coaxial, copper, fiber, and wireless media available.
• NIC plugs into a motherboard and provides a port for connecting to the
network.
• The speed of Ethernet ranges from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s, and the physical
medium can range from bulky coaxial cable to twisted pair to optical
fiber.
• Ethernet over twisted-pair technology uses twisted-pair cables for the
physical layer.
• Twisted-pair standards are 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, and
10GBASE-T.
• RJ-45 was originally a telephone-only standard.
• Use a straight-through cable for connecting a switch to a router.
• Use a crossover cable for connecting a switch to another switch.
• Auto-MDIX automatically detects the required cable connection type and
configures the connection appropriately.
• The two fundamental components that allow a fiber to confine light are
the core and the cladding.
• The core and the cladding are made of solid glass.
• Two types of fiber optics exist: multimode and single-mode.
• There are two options to produce light for a fiber: a LED and a laser.
• A variety of optical fiber connectors are available.
• Fiber-optic connectors, as well as optical fibers, need to be cleaned
every time that they are mated and unmated.
• DWDM is an optical technology that is used to increase bandwidth over
existing fiber-optic backbones by multiplexing multiple wavelength.

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Basic LAN Switching

Ethernet Media Maximum Segment Length Connector

1000BASE-SX • 62.5-micron multimode fiber • 275 m (900 ft) N/A

10GBASE-SR • 62.5-micron multimode fiber • 26–82 m (85–270 ft) N/A

40GBASE single-mode fiber 10 km (6.2 miles) N/A

100GBASE multimode fiber 40 km (24.8 miles) N/A

1000BASE-T EIA/TIA Category 5, 5e UTP 4 100 m (328 ft) PAM-5 coded

10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T

Crossover cable 8 Brown 8

10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T

Straight-Through Cable Crossover Cable

Buffer (or Coating)

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