About 70% of the total surface area of the earth is covered by water.

The seven
continents - Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America, and the
Antarctica make up less than 30% of the earth’s surface.
The radius of the earth is about 6,370 km. The shape of the earth is almost
spherical.
a) Find the surface area of the earth ?
b) Find the surface area of the water
on earth ?
Radius = 6,370 km
c) Find the surface area of land on
earth ?

Use this Formula :

Surface Area = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Did you know that your body weight is approximately 60 percent
water? Your body uses water in all its cells, organs, and tissues to
help regulate its temperature and maintain other bodily functions.
Because your body loses water through breathing, sweating, and
digestion, it's important to rehydrate by drinking fluids and eating
foods that contain water. The amount of water you need depends
on a variety of factors, including the climate you live in, how
physically active you are, and
whether you're experiencing an
illness or have any other health
problems.
 Fresh Water 3 %
Lake & Rivers
<1 %
Oceans 97 %

Oceans and seas make up approximately 97 % of the total amount of

water surface on earth. Sea and ocean water contain high concertration
of salts. They are also called salt waters. On other hand, fresh water
from rivers, lakes, ice, and groundwater constitute only 3 % of the
earth’s’ surface water.
 The body of the ocean can by divided into parts which are,
Atlantic oceans, Indian ocean, the Pasific ocean and Arctic ocean.
Some scientists include a fifth part called the Southern ocean in the
area around Antarctica.
Very low temperature can cause fresh water to freeze into ice
sheets. Ice sheets could break into smaller floating ice called iceberg.
The Antarctica and Greenland are mostly covered with ice.
Fresh water can also be found underground which is called
groundwater. It is fromed when rain and snow water sinks down and
fill the spaces in the rocks and soil underground. Underground water
can be tapped by digging very deep wells. An example is the Artesian
well.
Water that is safe for drinking is called potable water.
Disease-causing germs and chemicals can find their way into water
supplies. When this happens the water becomes polluted or
contaminated and when people drink it or come in contact with it in
other ways they can become very sick.
Water that is not safe to drink is said to be non-potable. Throughout
history there have been many occasions when hundreds of thousands of
people have died because disease-causing germs have been spread
through a community by a polluted water supply.
One of the reasons this happens less frequently now is that people in
many countries make sure drinking water supplies are potable. Water
supplies are routinely checked for germs and chemicals which can
pollute water. If the water is not safe to drink it is treated. All the action
taken to make sure that drinking water is potable is called water
treatment.
 Surface water
 Rivers or lake
 Springs
 Rock catchment areas and rockholes
 Excavated dams
 Rainwater tank
 Bores and wells
 Artesian bores
Surface water
This is water which falls to the ground as rain or hail.
Rivers or lakes
Town or community water supplies are sometimes drawn directly from
nearby rivers or lakes.
Springs
These are found where underground water flows out of the ground
naturally without the use of bores, wells or pumps.
Springs often occur towards the bottom of a hill or on sloping ground.
Rock catchment areas and rockholes
Sometimes large rocky outcrops contain low areas in which water is
trapped. These low areas make good natural dams. Often a wall can be
built to increase the amount of trapped water.
Excavated dams
Excavated dams are made by scooping out soil to make a large shallow
hole. These dams are sometimes placed at the bottom of a slope to aid
water collection. However, this can only be done in areas where the soil
will not allow the water to drain away very easily through the ground.
For example, in clay soils.
There is often a layer of water lying beneath the ground surface,
trapped by an impervious layer of rock which will not allow it to drain
away. The water may be close to ground level or it may be deep in the
ground. This layer of water is called the water table.
When this water table is close to ground level the water may actually
come to the surface and create a permanent wet area called a soak. This
usually occurs in low lying areas or hollows.
Soaks are affected by changes in the depth of the water table. That is, if
the water table drops then soaks may dry up. Some causes of this can
be drought or overuse of ground water by people.
Rainwater tanks
The rainwater which falls on the roofs of houses is often collected
using roof guttering leading through a pipe to a storage tank.
Bores and wells
These are holes drilled into the ground deep enough to find a
permanent (long-lasting) body of water. A pipe runs down the hole into
the water and a pump is used to get the water up to ground level. The
water is then pumped to the community.
Artesian bores
Sometimes when a bore is sunk into a low lying area the water gushes
out of the hole under its own pressure. This water is under pressure
because it is part of an underground body of water much of which is at
a higher level than the bore opening. This kind of bore is called an
artesian bore.
A water supply taken directly from a bore or well is often called
groundwater.
The water which comes from any of these sources may be salty, cloudy,
smell unpleasant or have germs in it.
Water of this kind would require
special treatment to make it potable.
When rain falls to the ground, the water does not stop moving. Some of
it flows along the surface to streams or lakes, some of it is used by
plants, some evaporates and returns to the atmosphere, and some sinks
into the ground.

Groundwater is water that is found underground in the cracks and

spaces in soil, sand and rock. Groundwater is stored in – and moves
slowly through – layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. Aquifers
typically consist of gravel, sand, sandstone, of fractured rock, like
limestone. These materials are permeable because they have large
connected spaces that allow water to flow through. The speed at which
groundwater flows depends on the size of the spaces in the soil or rock
and how well the spaces are connected.
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or
the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on,
above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth
remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into
the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric
water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The
water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean,
or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes
of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff,
and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different
forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
1. Evaporation

2. Transpiration

3. Condensation

4. Precipitation

5. Collecting (Runoff)
Create 5 groups in this class and each group should have a name
for the group. Choose one person from your group to become the
group leader
1. Cut the board into 2 equal parts
2. Attach two parts of the board using glue until it is shaped like
the picture
3. Use your creativity and make model the water cycle by using
the items you prepared. Using :
 Ping Pong Ball as the sun
 Color clay as mountains, ocean, fresh water, plants, and
others
 Foam as clouds, snow and rain
“You only have time to make it just 25
minutes”
4. The group leader as a speaker to present the results of the
group's water cycle model to the front of the class for 10
minutes only, then another group can respond to his
presentation results for 5 minutes. Every question and answer
should be written on paper so I can give you a score for your
work. All group members can help the group leader to
answering questions from the other groups.
1. Utilization and conservation of local water resources in
Thailand
2. The relation of groundwater to the water cycle

“Write your opinion on paper and will be discussed together”

Exercise 3.5 about Water Page 74 Number 1-4
Exercise 3.5 about Water Part B : Objective Questions Page 76
Number 27-32

“Your homework is collected on Thursday February 8th 2018

at 08.30 on M. 2/5”