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Basics
Introduction and Partial Discharge (PD)
5
1 10
Breakdown Voltage (V)
4
1 10
3
1 10
100
3 3
1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 10
pd product (BAR.mm)
PD a major cause of early failure for HV insulation-
PD a major cause of early failure for HV insulation-
PD a major cause of early failure for HV insulation-
Relevant wear-out stresses for HV equipment
• E ELECTRICAL
• M MECHANICAL
Region of high
electrical
stress
Streamer Growth Near Positive Electrode
externally applied field gas filled void
E0
negativ ion
positive ion
electron
emission of
Higher UV radiation
energy generation of i
electrons secondary electrons
a
solid dielectric
Area of high
electrical stress
So - What is a partial discharge breakdown?
Thus the discharges are low current events and only partial
breakdowns.
Eventually the stress at the tips will become critical and a leader will
form the puncture track.
Tree Growth – a model study in Perspex
Tree Growth – a model study in Perspex
PD Definition
Vy Cy
Y
X Z X VX Cx
Y
Vz Cz
Vx = Vy + Vz
When a discharge occurs Cz is short circuited and Vz is
nearly zero
Vy 1 Cy
VX 1 Cx
Vz Cz
Ck Cy
Cx
Z Cz
After a discharge Ck will supply some charge to Cx for
Cy. This is detected as a current by Z.
Ck Cy
Cx
Z Cz
Example – void in solid
Examples-
• resin impregnated glass-cloth/ mica paper in machines
• oil /paper insulating systems in bushings and
transformers
• Transformer inter-phase barrier boards
Almost all HV insulation systems can be adversely affected by PD:
- Rotating Machines
- Transformers
- Cables
-Switchgear Components
Cable Failures Due To PD
40
Failed 132 kV termination
41
Terminations and joints
Caused by
• Bad construction with continuity of the core screen
not maintained into accessory
42
Modern stress relief cone
E D
Diagram Key: C B
1 – XLPE insulation
2 – Copper conductor
3 – Stress cone silicone rubber conductive insert, electrically floating
4 – Electric field equipotential lines (diagrammatic)
5 – Region of high electrical stress and surface damage
43
A Real Case – Cable Termination Area
Cable Termination Area
Discharge damage in sister (not failed) cable
Discharge damage
to the XLPE
insulation under the
graphite coating . It
was taking over a
year to get to this
stage
46
Water trees in the cable length
48
Transformers
PD in
Transformers
49
Transformers
PD induced
failures are
often
catastrophic
50
Transformers Defects causing PD
•Poor connections
•Floating metal components – eg flux shunts
•Inadequate clearances- eg bushing leads
•Static electrification
51
Transformers and PD
52
Transformers and PD
Tracking on
wrap- on
sister unit
53
Transformers and PD from floating components
54
Transformers and PD from mechanical and
thermal damage
56
Discharge in porcelain insulator
57
Gas Insulated Switchgear
PD in
Gas Insulated Switchgear
58
GIS- Failure Statistics
Norwegian data:
•125-145 kV: 1.21 faults per 100 bay-years.
•300 kV: 3.4 faults per 100 bay-years.
•420 kV: 2.23 faults per 100 bay-years.
International data:
•125-145 kV: 0.26 faults per 100 bay-years.
•245 kV: 0.67 faults per 100 bay-years
•300 kV: 1.8 faults per 100 bay-years.
•420 kV: 3.9 faults per 100 bay-years.
59
GIS- Failure Statistics
61
MV switchgear and moisture
62
Case Study Surface Tracking 2006
63
Machines
PD in
Stator Windings
OF CONCERN
Discharges due to major voids close to the copper conductor
Major delamination in slot cell region
Slot exit discharge- Girth cracks at mainly with natural resin systems
But with both natural and synthetic systems if end winding
bracing is loose
And also if stress relief detaches from corona shield
Slot PD- mainly synthetic resins
Migrating core plate
Major end winding discharge- conducting contamination
65
Examples of insulation deterioration delamination
66
Slot cell Insulation Surface Damage
Type 3 Vibration induced loss of contact between bar and core. Bar
capacitance discharges on vibration contact. High temperatures
to melt resin and glass. High intensity discharges-
VERY SERIOUS.
67
Surface Effects in Type 1 slot discharge
Close-up of damage. Here the PD have eroded away the resin leaving
dry glass cloth and sheets of mica-paper- THE BARRIER EFFECT
68
High intensity slot discharge from bar bounce
main
i insulation
r
o
n Coating
c
o The coating resistivity
r copper conductor
should cope with only two
e
points of contact. But with
bar bounce the coating will
be damaged at the points
of contact.
Stator core The bar will discharge to
the core due to the
potential induced on the
The bar is loose and makes contact only at two places now floating coating.
69
Winding Problems – Slot Exit Discharge
70
Discharges in overhang section
main insulation
slot corona protection
PD penetration area
i field grading
r
o copper conductor
n
c
o
r
e
damaged end-
corona
protection
71
End winding Insulation Contamination
Foreign body
Grey contamination of winding
73
Example of discharging in endwinding
74
IEC 60270 Testing- on- and off- line
Blocking Impedance
Calibrator
Coupling Capacitor
Generator
Digital PD Measuring
System PD-SMART
Interfering
Impulses
C-Sensor
L-Sensor
Gating Unit
LDIC HV-Control 2.090
Lets look at the source first
+ +
Control
- manual
Regulating Highvoltage
- automated Transformer Transformer
Lets look at the source first
Up to 20kV - Test equipment can be brought to site
without too much effort
PD Test on
13.8kV motor at
repair facility in
Singapore
Test transformer
Lets look at the HV source first
For High Voltage but low current application even up to
100kV is not an issue - examples
• Measuring impedance
connected to PF tap of
bushings
• HF CT’s around the ground
leads of surge capacitors
• HF CT’s around the RTD
leads of Generators
• Many other decoupling
options using HF CT’s
Decoupling on a bushing tap
LDM-5/U5:
Switchable Measuring
impedance for different
types of bushings /
capacitance
PD
Voltage
87
Calibration- To ensure that the physical
phenomena are measured correctly
• The PD quantity "apparent
charge" can be determined
by injecting a calibrated
charge pulse into the
terminals of the test object,
having a magnitude that
produces the same reading
on the PD detector as the PD
pulse itself
• To ensure that different
measuring systems, if used
to make the same
measurement, will give the
same value
The problem with “IEC 60270” PD measurements!
ERRORS
PD-Signal A Postprocessing
D
Computer
vU µP
Software
A
Voltage Signal D User/ Panel
According to the Technology Available in the Market Doble Lemke is Always Capable to
Develop a Product With the Highest Technology Inside
91
Block diagram of an analog
PD-Measurement Device
LDP-5
Block diagram of an analog/digital
PD-Measurement Device
LDS-6
Block diagram of a digital
PD-Measurement Device
PD-Signal A Postprocessing
D
Computer
vU µP
Software
A
Voltage Signal D User/ Panel
PD-Smart
PD-Smart Measuring principle
PD-Signal A Postprocessing
D
Computer
vU µP
Software
A
Voltage Signal D User/ Panel
Input Unit:
Signal acquisition from the PD-decoupling system, mainly the
standardized PD measuring quadripole
Wide band amplification
DAQ:
Analogue/digital conversion
DSP:
Digital-Signal-Processing module for quick data processing and
compression
Noise suppression due to selectable center frequencies and
bandwidth (Charge determination)
PD-Smart – Example of full digital
PD-Measurement System
PD-Smart
Transformer
Mediabox
Rotating
Machine
Cable
Termination &
Accessories
To Test Object GIS
Galvanic separation Others
trough fibre optic network
96
Wide-band PD detectors (acc. IEC 60270)
fixed values of the lower and upper limit frequencies f1 and f2,
and adequate attenuation below f1 and above f2
99
PD – Electrical Method
100
Influence of Detection Frequency Range
Detection of LOW Frequency Components Detection of HIGH Frequency Components
PD Z = low Z = low Z = low PD Source PD Z = high Z = high Z = high PD Source
Detection Detection
Z = high
Z = high
Z = high
Z = low
Z = low
Z = low
iron core / ground potential iron core / ground potential
Losses Losses
Location of PD source within the winding Location of PD source within the winding
Frequency
Band
PD
Pattern
102
Strategy for PD Signal Evaluation
PD Classification
PRPD measurement
103
What’s on a Phase Resolved PD Pattern
Different PRPD
Patterns tells us:
•Extent of defect
(3) N (Repetition Rate) •Location of defect
•Type of defect
Characteristics:
107
Phase-Resolved PD (PRPD) Patterns (Porzel 2003 TU Ilmenau)
Pattern 1: Protrusion
115
Visualization of Partial Discharge Activity
• But the most important is the Phase resolved display which
permits the best interpretation of the defect. Just like a
fingerprint every defect has distinct characteristics.
Visualization of Partial Discharge Activity
Phase Resolved Partial Discharge (PRPD) Pattern Analysis
W e d ge S ta to r C o re
Many small
voids – C o n d u c to r
individual large
normal pattern gas inclusions
V o id
S lo t
G ro u n d
In su la tio n
S tra n d s
Visualization of Partial Discharge Activity
• Phase Resolved Partial Discharge (PRPD) Pattern Analysis
Delamination - thermal ageing often caused by thermal
stress
Conductor
Void
Slot
Ground
Insulation
Strands
Visualization of Partial Discharge Activity
Surface Discharges
Visualization of Partial Discharge Activity
• Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Pattern from IEEE Std C37.301 (HV
switchgear)
Characteristics for the PD Interpretation
125
Synchroneous, multichannel PD-Measurement
Mediabox
PD-Smart Acquision
units
Control-Computer
Fibre optic Network
Length between the units
up to >2km
High Synchroneous
2-5ns
126
Noise sources and Noise suppression approaches
for electrical PD testing
Windowing - Software or
Sine-shaped Pulse-shaped hardware windowing of pulse
shaped noise repeating at the
same period on the phase.
Filtering - Periodic
frequency
Compensation – using parasitic
selective
sensor and subtraction of pulse
filtering of
Stochastic shaped stochastical common
sinusoidal noise
mode noise
127
Noise sources and Noise suppression
approaches for electrical PD testing
Windowing
Software or hardware
128
Today
„digital filtering by FPGA-data processing“
Noise Suppression
by selectable
Frequency Adjustment
frequencies
(lower & upper cut-off
frequency)
130
PD Test Interference
• Interference is normally not an issue during off-line testing of
rotating machines but present difficulties during measurements of
test object with low PD. If the interference is continuous (white
noise) then try to measure at a different centre frequency and
reduce the Band Width. This is a very effective tool of dealing with
sinusoidal interference such as radio stations. Avoid for the off-line
test the higher frequencies as the higher the detection frequency
the more short-sighted the measurement becomes. Up to 3 MHz
most of the winding can still be seen. But sometimes there is no
other choice.
@ < 1MHz BW 350KHz (not calibrated) @ 3 MHZ 1MHz BW
Noise suppression – Measuring frequency
132
PD Test Interference
135
Noise suppression –
Gating (integrated, seperat channel)
Gating:
Suppression of puls
shaped, stochastical
noise via external
antenna
Gating activated
136
PD Smart- Stardiagram
Disturbance
hitting all
phases
Galvanic
separation
PD-Smart
Star-Diagram:
• common mode noise in the
centre
• separate multiple PD
sources
Data acquisition and analysis – PD Smart
137
Star-Diagram – vectorial addition
Noise
L1 Star-Diagram
L2 L2
L3
Disturbances
hitting all phases at
the same time
L3 L1
Disturbances will be displayed in the center
of the Star-Diagram
138
Star-Diagram – vectorial addition
Real PD Star-Diagram
L1
L2 L2
L3
L3 L1
Real PD will be displayed in direction of the
related phase
139
PD Smart- Stardiagram:
Multiple Cluster Selection
Selection 1
Selection 2
Multiple Cluster
Selection is Possible
140
Star-Diagram conversion into classical
PRPD
L2
Noise
L3 L1
141
Star-Diagram conversion into classical
PRPD
L2
Real PD
L3 L1
142
PD-Smart : Software – PD Pattern
143
General Software
Top Element
Functions
Center Element
Devices
Bottom Element
144
PD Test Interference
• Another option is the Star diagram if conducting 3 phase synchronous tests (not yet
in implemented in PDsmart) or if conduction single phase measurements using 3
detectors but at different centre frequencies and displaying them in the star diagram.
Summary
PD is a symptom of degradation
Once present – it dominates as it’s own “inherent”
stress degradation mechanism
Precursor to complete insulation failure and breakdown
Computer Assisted PD Recognition
Data base
structure is open
for adaptation by
the user
Typical waveforms
On-Line PD for PD
Testing – Now Types
a Field Reality
S
egme
ntW
ave
form
s
On-Line PD Testing – Now a Field Reality
0
.03
0
.02
0
.01
Example of Typical Monopolar Cable 0
Mainsegment
PD Pulse on PILC 33kV Cable (-ve pulse)
-0
.01
-0
.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1
1 1
2 1
3 1
4
T
ime(u
Sec)
M
ainW
aveform
0.006
0.002
Chan1
(Frequency Band: 4MHz to over 100MHz)
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
0
.00
2 500
0
.00
1
0
0
-500
-0
.00
1
-1,000
-0
.00
2
-1,500
-0
.00
3
-2,000
-0
.00
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3
5 4
0 4
5 5
0 5
5 6
0 6
5 7
0 7
5 8
0 Time uSec
Tim
e(u
Sec)
Mainsegment
Cable
On-LinePD
PDCursors
Testing –from
Now aPDGold© data
Field Reality
Segment view
25
20
15
10
5 The PD magnitude
0
-5
in picoCoulombs
-10 (pCs) is the area
-15
-20 under the PD
-25 pulse.
2 3 4 5 6
Time uSec
0.035
0.03 Available Waveform Display
0.025
0.02
0.012
0.015
0.01 0.008
0.005
Chan 1
0 0.004
Chan 1
-0.005 0
-0.01
-0.015 -0.004
-0.02
-0.008
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
-0.012
-0.016
Noise
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (mSec) Time (mSec)
0.012
Available Waveform Display
0.008 0.016
0.012
0.004 0.008
0.004
Chan 1
0
0
Chan 1
-0.004
-0.004
-0.008
-0.008 -0.012
-0.016
-0.012
Cable PD -0.02
-0.024 Noise
-0.028
Time (mSec)
Available Waveform Display Available Waveform Display Time (mSec)
Chan 1 Curs 1 Curs 2
0.032 0.028 Chan 1 Curs 1 Curs 2
0.028 0.024
0.024
0.02
0.02
0.016 0.016
0.012 0.012
0.008 0.008
Chan 1
Chan 1
0.004
0.004
0
-0.004 0
-0.008 -0.004
-0.012 -0.008
-0.016
-0.02
-0.024 Cable PD -0.012
-0.016
Noise
-0.028 -0.02
Time (mSec)
Time (mSec)
Chan 1 Curs 1 Curs 2
Chan 1 Curs 1 Curs 2
Bushings DIN VDE 0674 1.05 U / √ 3 300 pC (oil) IEC 137 (1984) (oil) Oil impregnated
Part 99/12.92 1.5 U / √ 3 10 pC (GH) (GH) Cast resin impregnated
10 pC (HP) (HP) Hard laminated paper
Ca pa citors DIN VDE 0360 (1.1 Um ) (100 pC) IEC 358 (1990) Identical
Part 3 A 1/08.83 1.1 Um / √ 3 10 pC
DIN VDE 0271 2 U0 20 pC (PVC) IEC 840 (1988) 1.5 U0: 10 pC (VPE)
/06.86
DIN VDE 0273 2 U0 5 pC (VPE) IEC 502 (1994) 1.5 U0: 20 pC (VPE)
/12.87 1.5 U0: 40 pC (PVC)
Tra nsforme rs a nd DIN VDE 0532 1.3 Um 300 pC IEC 76-3 (1980) Identical
Re a ctors Part 3/07.87 1.5 Um / √ 3 500 pC
Dry Type DIN VDE 0532 1.1 Um / √ 3 20 pC (GH) IEC 76-3 (1982) 1.1 Um / √ 3
Tra nsforme rs Part 6/01.94 (GH) Cast resin impregnated
Ta p Sw itch for DIN VDE 0532 1.5 Um / √ 3 50 pC IEC 214 (1989) Identical
Tra nsforme rs Part 3/04.93
Insula te d Sw itchge a rs DIN VDE 0670 1.1 U 100 pC (HP) IEC 466 (1987) Identical
up to 38 kV Part 7/09.88 1.1 U / √ 3 10 pC (GH)
Ga s-insula te d Sw itchge a rs DIN VDE 0670 1.1 U IEC 298 (1990) Harmonized
(GIS) Part 6/04.94 1.1 U / √ 3 HD 18755
DIN VDE 0670 1.1 U 10 pC (GH, solid) IEC 517 (1990) Identical
Part 8/02.94 1.1 U / √ 3
Low Volta ge Compone nts DIN VDE 0110 IEC 664-1 (1992) Test procedure technical identic
Part 20/08.90
Table 1: Summary of national and international partial discharge test standards for HV apparatus, derived from IEC 270 respectively DIN VDE 0434
Final Comment
• Measurement of partial discharge is
often a delicate task -
like trying to weigh a butterfly that
alights momentarily on scales designed
for an elephant (sometimes during an
earthquake)