Convective Heat Transfer

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Convective Heat Transfer
Goals:
By the end of today’s lecture, you should be able to:
 use empirical correlations to compute estimates for
heat transfer coefficients
 distinguish between individual versus overall heat
transfer coefficients
 compute the overall heat transfer coefficient for a system
 define limiting resistance and identify for a given scenario

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Outline:

Review
Example empirical relationships for heat transfer
coefficients
Overall heat transfer coefficients
Example problem 1 -- overall heat transfer coefficient
Example problem 2 -- overall heat transfer coefficient

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

I. Review
Conduction

T Th  Tc 
q 
R tot R tot

where R is the resistance to heat transfer.

Resistances in SERIES: R tot  R i

x r
Ri  (infinite slabs) Ri  (cylinders)
kA kA LM

A2  A1
where A LM 
ln( A2 / A1 )

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Convection

q  hATh  Tc 

where h is the individual heat transfer coefficient and

Is obtained from purely EMPIRICAL methods.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

II. Empirical relationships for heat transfer coefficients

Heat transfer coefficients are correlated using dimensional

analysis.

Forced convection in pipes (turbulent flow):

 hD   uD   C p     
  f  ,  ,  
 k      k    w 

Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953)

Identify the dimensionless groups:

hD 
: and C p  
 :
 k   k 

Wilhelm Nusselt (1882-1957)

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
 Sieder-Tate equation for flow in pipes:

 Cp 
0.8 0.333 0.14
 hD   DG    
   0.023     
 k      k   w 

N Nu  0.023NRe NPr 0.14

0.8 0.333

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Colburn Analogy (0.6 < Pr < 100):

0.2
 h  C p  
2/3 0.14
   w   DG 
    0.023  
 C G  k       
 p 

0.2
 DG  f
jH  0.023    for pipe flow
   2

where jH is the j-factor for heat transfer, f is the friction factor

 h 
 
 C G  = Stanton Number (NSt )
 p 

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Magnitudes of heat transfer coefficients:

Type of Process BTU / ft2 hr F

Steam (dropwise condensation) 5,000 - 20,000
Steam film-type condensation 1,000 - 3,000
Boiling water 300 - 9,000
Condensing organic vapors 200 - 400
Water (liquid phase) 50 – 3,000
Oils (liquid phase) 10 - 300
Steam (vapor phase) 5 – 20
Air 0.2 – 10

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Other example heat transfer coefficient relationships:
(Many more in the Textbook)

External forced convection normal to tubes:

NNu NPr 0.333  0.35  0.56NRe 0.52

Flow past single sphere:

NNu  2.0  0.6NRe0.50 NPr1/ 3

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Natural Convection (density driven circulation):

N Nu , f  b( NGr NPr )nf

where NGr is the Grashof number, NGr = (LgT)/µ2,

ß is the coefficient of thermal expansion.

The subscript "f" indicates that properties are taken at the mean film
temperature.
T Bulk
T Surface Film
Object (pipe wall / plate, etc)

TBulk  TSurface
Tf 
2
T  TBulk  TSurface
CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
 Condensing vapors on horizontal tubes:

Low Temp Fluid

Low Temp Fluid

0.25
 k  g
3 2

houtside  0.725  
f f
 NT D  
 o o f 

where N is the number of tubes in a stack.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Condensing vapors on vertical tubes:
0.25
 k  g 
3 2 Low Temp Fluid
houtside  1.132 
f f
 T L 
 o f 

where  is the heat of vaporization, L is the tube

length, and ∆To = Th - Tw (temperature of
condensing vapor - temperature of outside
surface of tube wall).

The properties kf, f, and µf are evaluated at the

film temperature, Tf:

3To
Tf  Th 
4
CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
 NOTE:

The wall temperature, Tw, is usually an unknown but can be

estimated using h. However, we need Tw to compute h. Thus,
computation of film coefficients (heat transfer coefficients) for
condensing vapors on vertical or horizontal tubes is
usually iterative.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 III. Overall heat transfer coefficients
For pure conduction, we considered resistances in series in which our primary
interest was in the temperatures at the inner and outer walls (not the interior walls).

For convection, a similar principle arises.

Consider a pipe filled with hot fluid at temperature T1. Define intermediate
temperatures as follows:
T1
T2
Insulation

Hot liquid Air T5

T3

Pipe

T4
CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014
 The heat transfer rate for each "step":

q1->2 = Convection conduction or convection?

q2->3 = Conduction conduction or convection?

q3->4 = Conduction conduction or convection?

q4->5 = Convection conduction or convection?

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 (T5–T1) = (T5-T4) + (T4-T3) + (T3-T2) + (T2-T1)

Q = UoAo (T5-T1)

Q = hoAo (T5-T4) Outside film (air)

Q = kinsul Alm (T4-T3) / rinsul Insulation

Q = kpipe Alm (T3-T2) / rpipe Pipe

Q = hiAi (T2-T1) Inside film (hot liquid)

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 (T5–T1) = (T5-T4) + (T4-T3) + (T3-T2) + (T2-T1)

(T5-T1) = Q / UoAo Similar substitutions yield:

Q Q Q rinsul Q rpipe Q
   
U o Ao ho Ao Almkinsul Almk pipe hi Ai

1 1 rinsul rpipe 1
   
U o Ao ho Ao Alm kinsul Alm k pipe hi Ai

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 The overall heat transfer coefficient can written in terms of the
diameters as:

1 D o D o ln(D o / D i ) 1
  
Uo Dih i 2k w ho

1 Do Do (D o  Di ) 1
  
U o D i h i D LM 2k w ho

where kw is the thermal conductivity of the pipe wall and (Do-Di )/2 is
the wall thickness, xw.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 With U known, it is a simple matter to calculate the overall
heat transfer rate given the total temperature difference.

Note that we have used the symbol Uo because the overall heat
transfer coefficient was defined with respect to the outside area
(Ao) of the pipe. This is the most common practice.

We could equally have defined 1/Ui or UiAi. In this case, we

would use Ai as the basis for calculations. In either case, the
values of U would be slightly different, but UA and hence q are
the same.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

Equation for 1/Ui

1 1 Di ln  Do / Di  Di
  
U i hi 2k w Do ho

Limiting Resistance:

•A very useful concept in heat transfer is that of limiting resistance.

•What is limiting resistance?
•What would the limiting resistance be for a hot liquid flowing inside an uninsulated
pipe?
•How would you increase the heat transfer rate?

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 IV. Example problem 1 -- Overall heat transfer coefficient

Blood circulation is critical for thermal regulation in the body. Changes in blood flow and/or
dilation of the blood vessels are regulated by sympathetic nerve activity controlled by the brain.

Raynaud's disease is a condition that occurs frequently in young, healthy women and is
characterized by cold extremities (e.g. hands and feet). Although typically just a nuisance, in
severe cases, this condition can lead to the formation of ulcers and a possible need for
amputation.

Raynaud's disease results from overactive neural

stimulation which causes constriction
("vasoconstriction") of small arteries and arterioles
(blood vessels), reducing blood flow and therefore
reducing the heat transfer rate.

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

For a normal 20-µm small artery (inner diameter) with a wall thickness of 3 µm, what is the heat
transfer rate through the vessel wall if the temperature of the blood is 37°C and the local body
temperature in cool weather is 29°C. Assume steady state heat transfer for your calculation. The
thermal conductivity of the blood vessel wall is about 0.15 Btu/hr-ft-°F. The individual heat transfer
coefficient on the blood side is roughly 120 Btu/hr-ft2-°F and that for the tissue side is approximately
50 Btu/hr-ft2-°F.

Compute the heat transfer rate for:

(a) A normal 20-µm diameter blood vessel in a healthy patient

(b) A blood vessel that is constricted to 10-µm diameter (~same thickness)
in a Raynaud's patient

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 Ten Minute Problem -- Overall heat transfer coefficient
A standard 2-inch Sch 80 pipe carries saturated steam at 500°F. The pipe is
insulated with a 0.5-inch layer of 85% magnesia pipe covering. The ambient air
temperature is 80°F. The thermal conductivities of steel and magnesia are 26.0 and
0.034 Btu/ft-hr-°F, respectively. The individual heat transfer coefficients on the inside
and outside are 2000 and 2 Btu/hr-ft2-°F, respectively.

(a) Calculate the rate of heat loss (Btu/hr) per unit length.
(b) Compute the temperature on the outer surface of the insulation.

ID 2-inch Sch 80 pipe = 1.939 inches

OD 2-inch Sch 80 pipe = 2.375 inches

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014

 80 F 187.2 F 499.6 F 499.8 F 500 F

Gas Steam
Insulation Pipe
Film Film

Q = 189.5 BTU / hr

CBE 150A – Transport Spring Semester 2014