MATEMATIKA 1

Dr.-Ing. Silviana, ST.,MT.

Materi

MATRIKS
VEKTOR

Literature:
Ka Stroud, Engineering Mathematics, 2nd edition, Springe Verlag New
York
MATRIKS
- Raw? Column? Order ?
- Line matrixs, column matrixs, single element matrix, double suffix notation
- Matrix notation :
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23 [aij], [a], A
a31 a32 a33

- Addition and substraction ----same order

- Multiplication: a. Scalar
b. Two matrixs (l x m) · (m x n) = (l x n)
Transpose of Matrix (AT)
a b c a d g
A d e f AT b e h
g h i c f i

Square Matrix (m x m)
Unit Matrix (I) 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Determinant of Matrix (A) = |A|

𝑎 𝑏 = (a x d) – (b x c)
𝑐 𝑑

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= (a x e x i) + (b x f x g) + (c x d x h) – (g x e x c) – ( h x f x a) – (i x d x h)
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒
= ax -bx +cx
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ

+ − +
− + −
+ − +
Adjoint of square matrix

1. Cofactor matrixs of A = C 2. Transpose of C (CT)

2 3 5
A= 4 1 6
1 4 0

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 + − +

C= 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 − + −
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 + − +

1 6
𝐴11 = +
4 0
4 6
𝐴12 = -
1 0

Dst...
Inverse of square matrix A
1. Determinant of matrix of A
2. Form matrix C as cofactors of element matrix A
3. Transpose of matrix C
4. Divide each element of (CT) with |A|
5. Obtain the inverse of matrix A or A-1
Application of inverse matrix for solution of a set of linear equation
a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 + ... + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 + ... + a2nxn = b2
a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 + ... + a3nxn = b3

a11 a12 a13 ... a1n x1 b1

a21 a22 a23 ... a2n x2 = b2 A·x=b x = A-1 · b
a31 a32 a33 ... a3n x3 b3

A x b
Gaussian Elimination Method

a11 a12 a13 x1 b1

a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
· x2
x3
= b2
b3

A x b
a11 a12 a13 b1 a11 a12 a13 b1 a11 a12 a13 b1
B= a21 a22 a23 b2 B= 0 c22 c23 d2 0 c22 c23 d2
B=
a31 a32 a33 b3 0 c32 c33 d3 0 0 e33 f3

a21 – (a21 /a11)(a11) c32 – (c32 / c22)(c22)

a31 – (a31 /a11)(a11)
x3
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Eigenvalues
A · x = λx, where A is square matrix
a11 a12 a13 x1 x1
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
· x2
x3
= λ x2
x3

a11x1 + a12x2 +... + a1nxn = λx1 (a11-λ)x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = 0

a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn = λx2 a21x1 + (a22-λ)x2 + ... + a2nxn = 0

. . . .
. . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + annxn = λxn an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + (ann-λ)xn = 0

(a11-λ) a12 ... a1n x1 0
a21 (a22-λ) ... a2n x2 0
.

.
.

.
.

.
· ..

:
= .

an1 an2 ... (ann-λ) x3 0

A · x = λx A · x - λx = 0 (A - λI)x = 0
(a11-λ) a12 ... a1n
𝐴− 𝜆𝐼 =0
a21 (a22-λ) ... a2n
. . .
=0
. . .

. . .

an1 an2 ... (ann-λ)

Eigenvectors = solution of x corresponding to particular values of λ

Vektor
• Scalar Quantity (kuantitas/besarannya)
• Vector Quantity (selain besaran juga arah)
Vector Algebra
• Two Equal Vectors
• Resultant of vector
vectors A and B is a vector C formed
by placing the initial point of B on
the terminal point of A and then
joining the initial point of A to the
terminal point of B
A+B, i.e. C = A+B.
• Difference of vectors
A -B, is that vector C which added to B yields vector A.
A- B = A + (-B).
Vector algebra
LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA. If A, B and C are vectors and m and n are
scalars, then
• 1. A+ B = B + A Commutative Law for Addition
• 2. A+ (B+C) _ (A+B) + C Associative Law for Addition
• 3. mA = Am Commutative Law for Multiplication
• 4. m (nA) - (mn) A Associative Law for Multiplication
• 5. (m+ n) A = mA + nA Distributive Law
• 6. m (A+ B) = mA + mB Distributive Law
Component vector of unit vector
Vector A1i, A2j, A3k : rectangular component
vectors
A1i is defined in OX direction
A2j is defined in OY direction Unit Vector, length =1
A3k is defined in OZ direction
A= A1i+ A2j+ A3k

Magnitude A = │A│= 𝐴1 2 + 𝐴2 2 + 𝐴3 2
• the position vector or radius vector r from 0 to the point (x,y,z) is
written
• r = xi + yj + zk
• and has magnitude r = I r I = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Vector in Space
• Right Hand Rules
Problems
Problems
Direction Cosines
The Dot (Scalar) Product
The Cross (Vector Products)
Angle between two vectors
Vector Operator Differential/Del
Example
Example
Latihan Soal Vektor
1. Jika 𝐴ҧ = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 𝑘 dan 𝐵ത = 3𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 2𝑘 Tentukan 𝐴ҧ ∙ 𝐵ത dan
𝐴𝑋ҧ 𝐵ത
2. Tentukan direction cosines dari vektor yang terhubungan dari dua
titik (4,2,2) dan (7,6,14)
3. Jika 𝐴ҧ = 5𝑖 + 4𝑗 + 2𝑘, 𝐵ത = 4𝑖 − 5𝑗 + 3𝑘 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝐶ҧ = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘
a. Hitung 𝐴ҧ ∙ 𝐵ത dan sudut antara 𝐴ҧ 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝐵ത
b. Magnitude dan direction cosines dari cross product 𝐴𝑋ҧ 𝐵ത dan
sudut yang dibentuk dari vektor tersebut dengan 𝐶ҧ
Latihan soal Vektor
• Tentukan angle antara permukaan 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 dan 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 − 3 pada titik (2,-1,2)
• Tentukan nilai konstanta a jika vektor 𝑉 = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑗 +
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘 berbentuk solenoidal, solenoidal jika div V=0
• Tentukan curl curl A jika 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑧 𝑗 + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘
Tugas
Tentukan himpunan penyelesaian di bawah ini dengan menggunakan invers matrik dan eliminasi
Gaussian
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
𝑥+𝑦+ 𝑧 =6
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
Tentukan eigenvalues dan eigenvektors dari matrik berikut
5 −3 3
𝐴 = 4 −2 3
4 −4 5
Tentukanlah nilai a jika A=ai-2j+k dan B=2ai+a-4k saling tegak lurus, kemudian hitunglah:
a. 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 , b . 𝐴𝑥𝐵
Tentukan konstanta a, b, c sehingga vektor V irrotasional (irrotasional jika curl V = 0)
𝑉 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑘
Jika 𝐴 = 2𝑦𝑧 𝑖 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘, 𝐵 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧 𝑗 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 𝑑𝑎𝑛 ∅ = 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3 Tentukan
a. 𝐴 ∙ 𝛻 ∅, b. A∙ 𝛻∅, c. 𝐵 ∙ 𝛻 A, d. 𝐴𝑥 𝛻 ∅, e.𝐴 𝑥 𝛻∅
SOAL KUIS MATEMATIKA 1
WAKTU : 40 menit
SIFAT : CLOSED BOOK
DOSEN PENGAMPU : Dr.-Ing. Silviana, ST.,MT

• Tentukan eigenvalues dan eigenvektor dari

1 −3 3
• 𝐴 = 3 −5 3
6 −6 4
• Berapa nilai a jika vektor 𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 𝑎𝑗 + 𝑘 dan 𝐵 = 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 2𝑘 saling tegak lurus
• Tentukanlah nilai gradien maksimum dari titik (2,1,-1) terhadap derivative ∅ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 3
dan berapa besaran atau magnitudenya.