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 Introduction to Consciousness
States of
Consciousness
Sleep and Dreaming

Altered States of Consciousness

How Psychoactive Drugs Impact the Brain

States of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness > Introduction to Consciousness

Introduction to Consciousness
• Describing Consciousness
• A History of Theories of Consciousness
• Neural Underpinnings of Consciousness

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States of Consciousness > Sleep and Dreaming

Sleep and Dreaming

• Introduction to Sleep
• Circadian Rhythms
• Stages of Sleep
• Sleep-Wake Disorders
• The Nature and Meaning of Dreams

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States of Consciousness > Altered States of Consciousness

Altered States of Consciousness

• Dissociation
• Meditation
• Hypnosis

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States of Consciousness > How Psychoactive Drugs Impact the Brain

How Psychoactive Drugs Impact the Brain

• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens

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Appendix
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States of Consciousness

Key terms
• anosognosia The inability of a person to recognize his or her own illness or handicap.
• antagonist A chemical that binds to a receptor but does not produce a physiological response, thereby blocking the action of
agonist chemicals.
• anxiolysis The reduction of anxiety by means of sedation or hypnosis.
• arousal A physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli, including elevated heart rate and blood
pressure, and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility, and readiness to respond.
• ataxia Lack of coordination while performing voluntary movements, which may appear to be clumsiness, inaccuracy, or
instability.
• blindsight The responsivity shown by some blind or partially blind people to visual stimuli of which they are not consciously
aware.
• chronobiology The study of the effects of time on biological systems, especially the effects of periodicity.
• circadian Of, relating to, or showing rhythmic behavior with a period of 24 hours; especially of a biological process.
• consciousness The state of being aware; awareness to both internal and external stimuli.
• consciousness The state of being aware; awareness to both internal and external stimuli.
• consciousness The state of being aware; awareness to both internal and external stimuli.
• daydream A short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings.

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States of Consciousness

• dissociation A defense mechanism in which certain thoughts or mental processes are compartmentalized in order to avoid
emotional stress to the conscious mind.
• dopamine A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and the brain's pleasure and reward system.
• Electroencephalography The recording of electrical activity along the scalp; it measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic
current flows within neurons.
• entrainment The alignment of an organism's circadian rhythm to that of an external rhythm in its environment.
• glutamate An important neurotransmitter that plays a key role in long-term potentiation and is important for learning and
memory.
• hypnosis An artificially induced trancelike state in which a person has heightened suggestibility and may experience
suppressed memories.
• latent Existing or present but concealed or inactive.
• LD50 In toxicology, the median lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen required to kill half the members of a tested
population after a specified test duration.
• maladaptive Showing inadequate response to a new situation.
• manifest Obvious to the understanding; apparent to the mind; easily apprehensible; plain; not obscure or hidden.
• mantra A sound, word, or phrase repeated to assist concentration during meditation; originated in Hinduism.
• meditation A practice in which an individual trains the mind and/or induces a mode of consciousness to realize some benefit; a
devotional exercise of, or leading to, contemplation.

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States of Consciousness

• narcolepsy A disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable, and often brief attacks of deep sleep, sometimes accompanied
by paralysis and hallucinations.
• neurotransmitter Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse
between two neurons.
• Parasomnia Category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that
occur during sleep.
• pathological Relating to or caused by a physical or mental disorder.
• polysomnography A measurement technique that documents an individual's multiple different physiological procedures during
the night, generally used for the purpose of diagnosing sleep-related disorders.
• REM sleep The stage of sleep during which most brain activity and dreams occur, characterized by rapid eye movement
(REM).
• serotonin An indoleamine neurotransmitter (5-hydroxytryptamine) that is crucial in maintaining a sense of well-being and
security and is involved in depression.
• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) An Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
• subliminal perception Perception that is below the threshold of consciousness.
• trance A state of concentration, awareness, or focus that filters information and experience; for example, meditation,
possession, etc.

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States of Consciousness

A typical night's sleep

This sample hypnogram (EEG of sleep) shows how the proportion of the sleep cycle spent in REM sleep increases with each subsequent cycle over the
course of a night. (Note that stages 3 and 4 are now considered to be one stage, stage 3.)

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States of Consciousness

Daydream by Paul César Helleu

Daydreaming is a mild form of dissociation in which a person experiences a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings.

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States of Consciousness

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are defining characteristics and indicate the onset of stage 2 NREM sleep.

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States of Consciousness

Prefrontal cortex
This image shows the location of the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain heavily involved in consciousness.

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States of Consciousness

The long-standing mystery of dreams

Since ancient times, humans have been trying to understand the purpose of dreams.

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States of Consciousness

Hypnotic colors
The use of colorful images can help people relax into a hypnotic state.

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States of Consciousness

Cocaine
Cocaine, in powder form, is a commonly abused stimulant that produces a sense of euphoria in the user.

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States of Consciousness

Naturally occuring hallucinogen

Hallucinogenic mushrooms often have a characteristic blue bruising on their stems.

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States of Consciousness

The suprachasmatic nucleus

The SCN contains about 20,000 nerve cells, and is located in the hypothalamus, above the optic nerves.

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States of Consciousness

Meditation
Meditation allows a person to achieve a mental and physical state of relaxation.

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States of Consciousness

Alcohol as a depressant
Alcohol depresses the brain, resulting in relaxation and impaired judgment.

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States of Consciousness

Circadian rhythms influence sleep

Circadian rhythms have a hand in determining when we are alert and when we become sleepy.

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States of Consciousness

Freud's levels of consciousness

This figure illustrates the respective levels of the id, ego, and superego. The part above water is known as the conscious level; the top level of waves just
below the surface and above the white line is the preconscious level; and the bottom level is the unconscious.

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States of Consciousness

Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is characterized by an individual uncontrollably falling asleep very suddenly, typically in inappropriate situations.

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States of Consciousness

Neural correlates of consciousness

The study of neural correlates of consciousness seeks to link activity within the brain to subjective human experiences in the physical world.

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States of Consciousness

The Necker cube

The Necker cube is a popular visual stimulus used to study differences in human visual perception. It is possible to perceive the front of the cube at two
different angles.

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States of Consciousness

Attribution
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• Wiktionary. "blindsight." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blindsight
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• Wikipedia. "Preconscious." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preconscious
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_consciousness_(Esotericism)
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• Wiktionary. "Sigmund Freud." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sigmund+Freud
• Wikipedia. "Neural correlates of consciousness." CC BY-SA 3.0
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• Wikipedia. "Consciousness." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness%23Neural_correlates
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• Wikipedia. "Human." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%23Consciousness_and_thought
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content/uploads/2011/01/Intro-to-Psychology.pdf
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• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Cognitive Psychology." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Cognitive_Psychology
• Wikibooks. "Consciousness Studies/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0
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States of Consciousness

• Wikipedia. "Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance." CC BY-SA 3.0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_sleep_deprivation_on_cognitive_performance
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• Wikipedia. "Nightmare disorder." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare_disorder

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States of Consciousness

• Wikipedia. "Idiopathic hypersomnia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia

• Wikipedia. "Insomnia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia%23DSM-5_criteria
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• Wikipedia. "Sleep disorder." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder
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• Wikipedia. "Parasomnia." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia
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dreaming/
• Wikipedia. "Depressant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant
• Wiktionary. "anxiolysis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anxiolysis
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• Wikipedia. "Stimulant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

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States of Consciousness

• Wikipedia. "Stimulant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant

• Wiktionary. "neurotransmitter." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitter
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• Wikipedia. "ADHD." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD
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• Wikipedia. "Dextromethorphan." CC BY-SA https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextromethorphan
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• Wiktionary. "hypnosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypnosis
• Wiktionary. "dissociation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissociation

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States of Consciousness

• xavierappsychology Wikispace. "Chapter 5, Period 7." CC BY-SA 3.0

http://xavierappsychology.wikispaces.com/Chapter+5,+Period+7
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