CE Law Topic

DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION
PIPES CULVERTS AND STORM
DRAINAGE
500.1 DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of the construction or
reconstruction of pipe culverts and storm
drains, referred to as “conduit” in
accordance with specification and in
conformity with the lines and grades shown
on the plans as established the engineer.
DRAINAGE
500.2 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
Zinc coated( galvanized) corrugated iron or steel

culverts and underdrains.
- ASTM M 36
DRAINAGE
Cast iron culvert pipe

- AASHTO M 64
DRAINAGE
Concrete sewer, storm drain and culvert pipe

- AASHTO M 86
DRAINAGE
Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and sewer

pipe
- AASHTO M 170
DRAINAGE
Bituminous coated corrugated metal culvert pipe

and pipe arches
- AASHTO M 190
DRAINAGE
Reinforced concrete arch culvert, storm drain and

sewer pipe
- AASHTO M 206
DRAINAGE
Reinforced concrete elliptical culvert, storm drain

and sewer pipe
- AASHTO M 207
DRAINAGE
Asbestos cement pipe for culverts and storm drains

- AASHTO M 217
DRAINAGE
Joint Mortar- Joint mortar for concrete pipes shall
consist of 1 part, by volume of Portland Cement and
2 parts of approved sand with water as necessary to
obtain the required consistency.
Portland Cement and sand shall conform to the

requirement of item 405 (structural concrete)
Mortar shall be used within 30minutes after its

preparation.
DRAINAGE
Rubber gaskets
- AASHTO M 198
DRAINAGE
Oakum- Oakum for joints in bell and spigot pipes shall

be made from hemp line or Benares Sunn fiber from a
combination of these Fibers.
DRAINAGE
Hot poured joint sealing compound

-AASHTO M 173
Bedding Material shall conform to
the requirements of subsection
500.3.2, Bedding
Backfilling Material shall conform to
the requirements of subsection
500.3.6, Backfilling
DRAINAGE
When the location of manufacturing plants
allow, the plants will be inspected periodically for
compliance with specified manufacturing methods,
and material samples will be obtained for laboratory
testing for compliance with materials quality
requirements. This shall be the basis for acceptance
of manufacturing lots as to quality.
Prior to and during incorporation of materials in

the work, these materials will be subjected to the
latest inspection and approval of the engineer.
DRAINAGE
500.3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
500.3.1 Trenches Excavation
Trenches shall be excavated in accordance
with the requirement of item 103, structural
excavation, to a width sufficient to allow for proper
jointing of the conduit, and thorough compaction of
the bedding and backfilling materials under and
around conduit. Where feasible, trench wall shall be
vertical.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
The bedding shall conform to one of the classes
specified. When no bedding class is specified, the
requirement for class C bedding shall apply.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Class A
consist of a continuous concrete cradle
conforming to the plan details.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Class B
consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than
30% of the vertical outside diameter of the conduit
minimum thickness of bedding material beneath the pipe
shall be 100mm
bedding material shall be sand or selected sandy soil all of
which passes 9.5mm(no. 3/8) sieve and not more than 10% of which
passes .075mm(no.200) sieve
layer of the bedding material shall be shaped to fit the
conduit for at least 15% of its total height.
recesses in the trench bottom shall be shaped to
accommodate the bell when the bell and spigot type conduit is
used.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Bell type
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Spigot type
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Class C
shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth
of not less than 10% of its total height. The foundation
surface, completed in accordance with item 103,
Structural excavation, shall be shaped to fit the
conduit.
provide recesses to receive the bells, if any.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Class C
for flexible pipe, the bed shall be roughly
shaped and a bedding blanket of sand and fine
granular material as specified above shall be
provided.
DRAINAGE
500.3.2 Bedding
Class C
Pipe Corrugation Depth Minimum Bedding Depth
10mm 25mm
25mm 50mm
50mm 75mm
for large diameter structural plate pipes the

shaped bed need not exceed the width of the
bottom plate.
DRAINAGE
500.3.3 Laying Conduit
conduit laying shall begin the downstream end of
the conduit line.
lower segment of the conduit shall be in contact
with the shaped bedding throughout its full length
bell or groove ends of rigid conduits and outside
conferential laps of flexible conduits shall be faced facing
upstream
flexible conduit shall be placed with longitudinal
laps or seams at the sides.
DRAINAGE
500.3.3 Laying Conduit
paved or partially-lined conduit shall be laid
such that the longitudinal center line of the paved
segment coincides with the flow line
elliptical and elliptically reinforced conduits shall
be placed with the major axis within 5 degrees of a
vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the
conduit.
DRAINAGE
500.3.4 Joining Conduit
Rigid conduits may either be of bell and spigot
or tongue or groove design unless another type is
specified.
method of joining conduit shall be such that the
ends are fully entered and the inner surfaces are
reasonably flush and even.
DRAINAGE
joints shall be made with the following:
1. Portland cement mortar
2. Portland cement grout
3. Rubber gaskets
4. Oakum and mortar
5. Oakum and joint compound
6. Plastic sealing compound
Or combination of these types or any other types as may

be specified.
DRAINAGE
Mortar joints shall be made with an excess of mortar
to form a continuous bead around the outside of the
conduit and finished smooth on the inside.
grouted joints, molds or runners shall be used to
retain the poured grout
rubber ring gaskets shall be installed so as to form a
flexible water-tight seal
where oakum is used, the joint shall be called with
this material and then sealed with the special material
DRAINAGE
when Portland cement mixtures are used, the
completed joints shall be protected against rapid
drying by any suitable covering material
flexible conduits shall be firmly joined by
coupling bands
Conduits shall be inspected before any backfill
is placed. Any pipe found to be out of alignment,
unduly settled, or damaged shall be taken up and re-
laid or replaced.
DRAINAGE
500.3.5 Field Strutting
When required by the plans, vertical diameter of round
flexible conduit shall be increased 5% by shop elongation or by
means of jacks applied after the entire line of conduit has been
installed on the bending but before backfilling. The vertical
elongation shall be maintained by means of sills and struts or by
horizontal ties shall be used on paved invert pipe.
Ties and struts shall be 300mm in place until the
embankment is completed and compacted, unless otherwise
shown in the plans.
these specification shall also apply in the case of re-laid
conduit. In addition, all conduits salvaged for relaying shall be
cleaned of all foreign materials prior to reinstallation.
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Backfilling
Materials for backfilling on each side of the
conduit for full trench width and to an elevation of
300mm above the top of the conduit shall be fine,
readily compactable soil or granular material
selected from excavation or from a choice of a
Contractor’s choice and shall not contain stones that
would be retained on a 50mm( no. 2 ) sieve, chunks
of highly plastic clay, or other objectionable material.
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Backfilling
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Backfilling
Granular backfill material shall have not less
than 95% passing a 12.5mm(no ½) sieve and not less
than 95% retained on a 4.75mm (no.4) sieve.
Oversized material, if present, shall be removed
except as directed by the engineer.
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Backfilling
when the top of the conduit is flushed with or below
the top of the trench, backfill material shall be placed at
or near optimum moisture content and compacted layers
not exceeding 150mm(compacted on both sides to an
elevation 300mm above the top of the conduit.
the backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides
of the conduit for the full required length.
except where the negative projecting
embankment-type installation is specified, the backfill
material shall be placed and compacted for the full
depth of the trench.
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Backfilling
when the top of the conduit is above the top of the
trench, backfill shall be placed at or near optimum moisture
content and compacted in layers not exceeding 300mm (
compacted) and shall be brought up evenly on both sides of
the conduit for its full length to an elevation 300mm above the
top of the conduit.
the width of the backfill on each side of the conduit for
the portion above the top of the trench shall be equal to twice
the diameter of the conduit or 3.5m, whichever is less.
the backfill material used in the trench section and the
portion above the top of the trench for a distance on each side
of the conduit equal to the horizontal inside diameter and to
300mm above the top of the conduit equal to the conform to
the requirements for backfill materials in this subsection.
DRAINAGE
500.3.6 Imperfect Trench
for rigid conduit, the embankment shall be
completed as described in subsection 500.3.6, to a height
above the conduit equal to the vertical outside diameter
of the conduit plus 300mm.
trench equal in width to the outside horizontal
diameter of the conduit and to the length shown on the
plans or as directed by the engineer shall then be
excavated to within 300mm of the top if the conduit,
trench walls being as nearly vertical as possible. The
trench shall be loosely filled with highly compressible soil.
DRAINAGE
500.4 Method of Measurement
Conduit with different types and sizes, both new
and relaid, will be measured by the linear metre in
place. Conduit with sloped or skewed ends will be
measured along the invert.
each section will be measured by the number
of units installed
branch connection and elbows will be included
in the length measurement of the conduit, or they
may be measured by the number of units installed.
DRAINAGE
Class B bedding material placed and approved
shall be measured by the cubic metre in place.
When Bid Schedule contains an estimated

quantity for “ Furnishing and Placing Backfill Material,
Pipe Culvert”, the quantity to be paid for will be the
number of cubic metre complete in place and
accepted, measured in final position between limits
as follows:
DRAINAGE
1. Measurement shall include backfill material in the
trench up to the top of the original ground line but
will not include any material placed outside of
vertical planes 450mm up outside of the parallel to
the inside wall of pipe at its widest horizontal
dimension.
DRAINAGE
2. When the original ground line is less than 300mm
above the top of the pipe, the measurement will also
include the placing of all backfill materials, above
the original ground line adjacent to the pipe for a
height of 300mm above the top of pipe and for a
distance on each side of the pipe not greater than
the widest horizontal dimension of the pipe.
DRAINAGE
3. The measurement shall include the placing of
backfill material in all trenches of the imperfect
trench method. Materials re-excavated for imperfect
trench construction will be measured for payment
under item 103, Structure Excavation.
UNDERDRAINS
501.1DESCRIPTION
consist of constructing underdrains, using pipe
and granular filter materials, underdrain pipe outlets,
and blind drains using granular material in
accordance with this specification and in reasonably
close conformity with the lines and grades shown on
the plans or as established by the engineer.
UNDERDRAINS
501.2 Material Requirements

Zinc coated( galvanized) corrugated iron or steel
Culverts and underdrains
AASHTO M 36
UNDERDRAINS

Extra strength and standard strength clay pipe and
perforated clay pipe
AASHTO M 65
UNDERDRAINS

Perforated concrete pipe
AASHTO M 175
UNDERDRAINS

Porous concrete pipe
AASHTO M 176
UNDERDRAINS

Bituminized-fiber non pressure sewer drain and
underdrainage pipe systems
AASHTO M 177
UNDERDRAINS

Asbestos- cement perforated underdrain pipe
AASHTO M 189
UNDERDRAINS
Granular Backfill Filter Material- shall be permeable

and shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 6,
except that soundness tests will not be required and
minor variation in grading and content of deleterious
substances may be approved by the engineer.
All materials shall be subjected to inspection for
acceptance as to condition at the latest practicable
time.
UNDERDRAINS
501.3 Construction Requirements
501.3.1 Pipe installation

Trenches shall excavated to the dimensions and
grades required by the plans or as directed by the
engineer. A minimum of 150mm bedding layer of
granular backfill material shall be placed and
compacted at the bottom of the trench for its full
width and length.
UNDERDRAINS

Subdrainage pipe of the type and size specified
shall be embedded firmly in the bedding material.
Perforated pipe shall normally, be placed with
the perforations down and the pipe sections shall be
joined securely with the appropriate couplings fittings
or bands.
UNDERDRAINS

Non-perforated shall be laid with the bell end
upgrade and with open joints wrapped with suitable
material to permit entry of water, or unwrapped as
may be specified. Upgrade end sections of all
subdrainage pipe installations shall be closed with
suitable plugs to prevent entry of soil materials.
UNDERDRAINS

After the pipe installation has been inspected
and approved, granular backfill material shall be
placed to a height of 300mm above the top of pipe.
The remainder of the granular backfill material shall
then be placed and compacted in 150mm
maximum layers to the required height.
UNDERDRAINS
501.3.2 Underdrain Outlets

Trenches for underdrain outlets shall be
excavated to the width and depth shown on the
plans or as otherwise directed. Pipes shall be laid in
the trench with all ends firmly joined by the
applicable methods and means.
UNDERDRAINS
501.3.3 Blind Drain

Trenches for blind drains shall be excavated to
the width and depth shown on the plans. The trench
shall be filled with granular backfill material to the
depth required by the plans.
UNDERDRAINS

Underdrains and outlets shall be measures by the
linear meter for pipe of the size specified.
Blind drains shall be measured by the linear meter
including all excavation backfill materials required
granular backfill filter material, when specified in the
contract as a pay item shall be measured in place by the
cubic meter, completed and accepted. Cross-sectional
measurements will not exceed the net dimensions shown
on the Plans or as directed by the engineer.
excavation for underdrain pipes will be measure
and paid for as provided in item 103, structure excavation.
ICEBREAKER
Kung ang butterfly ay paruparo, anu

naman ang dragonfly?
Ans. tutubi
ICEBREAKER
1.__________shall be made from

hemp line or Benares Sunn fiber
from a combination of these Fibers.
Ans. Oakum for joints in bell and

spigot pipes.
ICEBREAKER
Kung ang Vain Tea ay twenty, anu

naman ang Survey Test?
Ans. Icecream
ICEBREAKER
2. elliptical and elliptically

reinforced conduits shall be placed
with the major axis within ___
degrees of a vertical plane through
the longitudinal axis of the conduit.
Ans. 5 degrees
MANHOLES, INLETS AND CATCH
BASINS
502.1 Description
Consist of construction, reconstruction or
adjustment of manholes, inlets and catch basins in
accordance with this specification and reasonably
close conformity with the lines and grades shown on
the Plans or as established by the engineer
BASINS
Concrete for these structures shall meet the
requirement of item 405, structural concrete. Other
material shall meet the following specifications.
Corrugated Metal Units- shall conform to plan

dimensions and the metal to AASHTO M 36.
Bituminous coating, when specified, shall conform to
ASTM D 1187, Asphalt-base Emulsion for use as
Protective Coating for Metal.
BASINS
Sewer and manhole brick
(made from clay or shale)
AASHTO M 91
BASINS
Building Brick (solid masonry units made from
clay or shale)
AASHTO M 91
BASINS
Joint Mortar- unless otherwise indicated on the plans,
joints mortar shall be composed of one part Portland
Cement and two parts fine aggregate by volume to
which hydrated lime has been added in an amount
equal to 10% of the cement by weight.
Frames, Gratings, Covers and Ladder Rungs- metal

units shall conform to the plan dimensions and to the
following specification requirements for the
designated materials
BASINS
Metal gratings and covers which are to rest on
frames shall bear on them evenly. They shall be
assembled before shipment and so marked that the
same pieces may be reassembled readily in the
same position when installed.
A frame and a grating or cover to be used with
it shall constitute one pair.
All castings shall be uniformly coated with
asphalt-based emulsion meeting the requirements of
ASTM D 1187, Asphalt-base Emulsion for use as
Protective Coating for Metal
BASINS
Gray Iron Casting (AASHTO M 105)
BASINS
Mild to medium-strength carbon steel castings for
general application (AASHTO M 103)
BASINS
Structural Steel (AASHTO M 183)
BASINS
Galvanizing (AASHTO M 111)
BASINS
Reinforcing Steel (AASHTO M 31)
BASINS
Pre-cast Concrete units - these units shall be
cast in substantial permanent steel forms. Structural
concrete used shall attain a minimum 28-day
compressive strength of 20.682 MPA (3000 psi). The
Precast Units shall be cured in accordance with
AASHTO M 171. Water absorption of individual cores
taken from such units shall not exceed 7%.
BASINS
A sufficient number of cylinders shall be cast
from the concrete for each unit permit compression
tests at 7, 14, 28 days and to allow for at least 3
cylinders for each test.
If the strength requirement is met at 7 or 14
days, the units shall be certified for use 14 days from
the date of casting.
If the strength is not met at 28 days, all units
made from that batch or load will be rejected.
BASINS
Cracks in units, honeycombed or patched
areas in excess of 2000 square millimetres, excessive
water absorption and failure to meet strength of
requirements shall be the causes for rejection.
Precast reinforced concrete manhole risers and
tops shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M
199.
BASINS
Concrete construction shall conform to the
requirements for item 405, Structural Concrete.
Metal frames shall be set in full mortar bed.
Pipe sections shall be flushed on the inside of
the structure wall and projected outside sufficiently
for proper connection with next pipe section.
Masonry shall fit neatly and tightly around the
pipe.
BASINS
When grade adjustment or existing structures is
specified, the frames, covers and gratings shall be
removed and the walls reconstructed as required.
The cleaned frames shall be reset at the required
elevation. Upon completion, each structure shall be
cleaned of any accumulation of silt, debris, or foreign
matter of any kind and shall be kept clear of such
accumulation until final acceptance of the work.
BASINS
502.4 Method of Measurements
Standard manholes, inlets and catch basins,
both new and reconstructed as applicable, will be
measured by the unit. Any additional concrete,
reinforcing steel, or masonry required for authorized
increases in heights of structures paid under this item
and in excess of the standard height shown on the
plans will be measured and paid for under item 405,
structural concrete and item 404, reinforcing steel.
DRAINAGE STEEL GRATING WITH
FRAME
503.1 Description
This item shall consist of furnishing all materials,
tools, and equipment including labor required in
undertaking the proper application of steel grating
with frame as shown on the plans and in accordance
with this specification.
FRAME
503.2 Classes and Uses of Road Grates and Frames
Classes of grates that are commonly use in
drainage work are sump, trench and box.
Sump grates shall be used to create a
trafficable ground level entry area for surface
rainwater to flow into the underground stormwater
drainage system.
Sump grates shall be used in paved or grassed
areas that are graded to direct the surface water to
a single pit or to a series of pits. Sump grates shall be
plain or hinged.
FRAME
503.2 Classes and Uses of Road Grates and Frames
Trench grates shall be used to collect surface
rainwater run off from areas that cannot be graded
to direct flow into single pit.
Box grates or Road drainage shall be used to

transfer road surface storm water into an
underground drainage system. Normally used in
conjunction with kerb entry, the addition of the grate
significantly increases the hydraulic capacity of the
inlet, particularly on steep slopes.
SUMP GRATES
TRENCH GRATES
ROAD DRAINAGE
FRAME
503.3 Strength Classifications and the Loading
Conditions for Sump, Trench and Box grates
Class A- Test load 10KN
For locations trafficked only by pedestrians,
wheelchairs and cyclists - inaccessible to motor
vehicles
Class B- Test Load 80KN
For locations normally trafficked by pedestrians
and slow moving passenger cars or light agricultural
tractors.
FRAME
Class C- Test Load 150KN
For locations trafficked by slow moving fully
laden trucks such as pedestrians, malls and industrial
commercial areas.
Class D- Test Load 210KN
For locations trafficked by slow moving fully
laden trucks and forklifts with wheel loads to 5 Tons.
FRAME
Class E, F and G- Test Load 400KN, 600KN or 900KN.
For locations subject to vehicles such as large
forklifts, earthmoving or container handling
equipment and aircraft.
FRAME
503.4 Materials Requirement
503.4.1 Steel Grating
Shall be made of fabricated mild steel provided
with hot dip galvanized in accordance with ASTM
A153/AASHTO M 232 for superior corrosion protection.
Shall be machine-made grating comprised of
steel flat bars standing on edge equispaced from
each other. To prevent them from falling over and to
provide restraint in buckling, a twisted cross rod(6mm)
is forge-welded into the top of the flat bars.
FRAME
503.4.2 Steel Frame
The steel frame clear openings of drainage
grates shall be 15mm larger than nominal sizes of
industry sized pits. These pits increase in size in
increments of 150mm.
FRAME
503.4.3 Drainage Grate Sizes
Drainage grates shall be identified by their
internal clear opening dimensions of the frame. For
square and rectangular grates, the normal
convention shall be the width x length.
FRAME
503.4.4 The metal unit shall conform to ASTM A 36/
AASHTO M 183
dimension tolerance
Thickness ± 0.20mm
Width ± 0.80mm
Length + 50mm/NIL mm
straightness 6mm in each 1.5m Length
FRAME
503.4.5 Joint Mortar
Unless otherwise indicated on the plans, joint
mortar shall be composed of one part Portland
Cement and two parts fine aggregate by volume to
which hydrated lime has been added in an amount
equal to 10% of the cement by weight.
FRAME
Concrete construction shall conform to the
requirements for Item 405, Structural Concrete.
Metal gratings which are to rest on frames shall
bear on them evenly. They shall be assembled before
shipment and so marked that the same pieces may
be reassembled readily in the same position when
installed.
FRAME
503.6 Acceptance Requirement
A sufficient number of cylinders shall be cast
from the concrete for each unit permit compression
tests at 7, 14, 28 days and to allow for at least 3
cylinders for each test.
If the strength requirement is met at 7 or 14
days, the units shall be certified for use 14 days from
the date of casting.
If the strength is not met at 28 days. All units
made from that batch or load will be rejected.
FRAME
The quantity to be measured and paid for will
be the number of pairs of metal frames and gratings
completed and accepted. Concrete and reinforcing
steel (AASHTO M 31) will be measured and paid for
under item 405, Structural Concrete and Item 404,
Reinforcing Steel, respectively.
CLEANING AND RECONDITIONING
EXISTING DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
504.1 Description
Shall consist of cleaning and reconditioning
existing pipes and appurtenant structures in
reasonably close conformity with this specification as
shown on the plans.
Materials used for repair or replacement under
the various pay items shall conform the requirements
of the applicable Items of this specifications.

Pipe removed and cleaned- The pipe shall be
carefully removed and cleaned of foreign material
both within the barrel and at the jointed ends.
Pipe cleaned in place- All foreign materials
within the barrel shall be removed and disposed off
by methods which will prevent damage to the pipe.
Re-laying or Stockpiling Salvaged Pipe-
Relaying of pipe selected by the engineer to be
removed and cleaned shall be done as shown on
the plans, in accordance with the appropriate item
for the kind of pipe involved.
Reconditioning Drainage Structures- Structures
such as manholes, inlets, and the likes, designated on
the Plans or as directed by the engineer to be
reconditioned shall have all debris removed, leaks
repaired, missing or broken metalwork, and each
structure left in operating condition.
Measurement will be made by the linear meter
of pipe acceptably cleaned, removed, re-laid or
stockpile as designated in the Bill of Quantities,
irrespective of the kind or size involved.
Pipe removed, cleaned, and re-laid will be
measured in their final position.
Pipe removed, cleaned, and stockpiled will be
measured by totalling the nominal laying lengths of
all pipe units acceptably removed, cleaned, and
placed in the stockpile.
Pipe cleaned in place will be measured along
the flow line of the pipe line acceptably cleaned a
directed
Measurement of drainage structures
reconditioned will be made by actual count of the
total number of units of each type acceptably
completed.
ICEBREAKER
__________________ shall be used to

transfer road surface storm water into
an underground drainage system.
Normally used in conjunction with kerb
entry, the addition of the grate
significantly increases the hydraulic
capacity of the inlet, particularly on
steep slopes.
Ans. Box grates or Road drainage

ICEBREAKER
Joint mortar shall be composed

______________ and ____________of
by volume and hydrated lime has
been added in an amount equal
to 10% of the cement by weight.
Ans. one part Portland Cement

and two parts fine aggregate
ICEBREAKER
Water absorption of individual

cores taken from such units shall
not exceed __________.
Ans. 7%
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION
RIPRAP AND GROUTED RIPRAP
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of the furnishing and
placing of riprap with or without grout as the case
may be, with or without filter backing, furnished
and constructed in accordance with this
specification and to the lines and grades and
dimensions shown on the Plans.
• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
1. STONES
Stones for riprap shall consist of rock nearly as
rectangular in section as is practical, except that
riprap of Class A may consist of round natural
stones. The stones shall be sound, tough, durable,
dense, resistant to the action of air and water, and
suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.
Stones for riprap shall be one of the following

classes as shown on the Plans or determined by the
Engineer.
CLASS A – Stones ranging from a minimum of 15kg to

a maximum of 25kg with at least 50 percent of the
stones weighing more than 20kg.
CLASS B – Stones ranging from a minimum of 30kg to

CLASS C – Stones ranging from a minimum of 60kg to

CLASS D – Stones ranging from a minimum of 100kg to

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the

removal of bridges, culverts, and other structures may
be substituted for stone with the approval of the
Engineer.
2. FILTER MATERIALS
When required, the riprap shall be placed on a
filter layer in order to prevent fine embankment
materials to be washed out through the voids of
the face stones. The grading of the filter material
shall be as specified on the Plans, or in the Special
Provisions.
3. MORTAR
Mortar for grouted riprap shall consist of sand,
cement, and water conforming to the requirements
given under Item 405, Structural Concrete, mixed in
the proportion of one part cement to three parts
sand by volume, and sufficient water to obtain the
required consistency.
3. MORTAR
The horizontal and vertical contact surface
between stones shall be embedded by cement
mortar shall be used to completely fill all voids
leaving the face of the stones exposed.
• CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
1. EXCAVATION
The bed for riprap shall be excavated to the
required depths and properly compacted,
trimmed and shaped.
1. EXCAVATION
The riprap shall be founded in a toe trench dug
below the depth of scour as shown on the Plans or
as ordered, by the Engineer. The toe trench shall be
filled with stone of the same class as that specified
for the riprap, unless otherwise specified.
2. PLACING
Stones placed below the water line shall be
distributed so that the minimum thickness of the
riprap is not less than that specified.
2. PLACING
Stones above the water line shall be placed by
hand or individually by machines. They shall be laid
with close, broken joints and shall be firmly bedded
into the slope and against the adjoining stones.
Each stone shall be laid with its longest axis
perpendicular to the slope in close contact with
each adjacent stone.
2. PLACING
The riprap shall be thoroughly rammed into place
as construction progresses and the finished surface
shall present an even, tight surface. Interstices
between stones shall be filled with small broken
fragments firmly rammed into place.
2. PLACING
Unless otherwise provided, riprap shall have the
following minimum thickness, measured
perpendicular to the slope:
Class A – 300 mm
Class B – 500 mm
Class C – 600 mm
Class D – 800 mm
The surface of riprap shall not vary from the
theoretical surface by more than 100mm at any
point.
3. GROUTING
When grouted riprap is specified, stones shall be
placed by hand, or individually by machine as
specified for riprap placed above the water line.
The spaces between the stones shall then be filled
with cement mortar throughout the thickness of the
riprap as specified in Subsection 504.2.3, mortar.
Sufficient mortar shall be used to completely fill all
voids, except that the face surface of the stones
shall be left exposed.
3. GROUTING
Grout shall be placed from bottom to top of the
surface swept with a stiff broom. After grouting is
completed, the surface shall be cured as specified
in Item 405, Structural Concrete for a period of at
least three days.
The stones shall also be laid in a manner that the

vertical and horizontal alignments of the exposed
face shall, as possible be maintained in a straight
line.
3. WEEPHOLES
All walls and abutments shall be provided with
weepholes. Unless otherwise shown on the Plans or
directed by the Engineer, the weepholes shall be
placed horizontally at the lowest points where free
outlets for water can be obtained and shall be
spaced at not more 2m center to center in a
staggered manner.
3. WEEPHOLES
The length of the weepholes shall not be less than
the thickness of the walls of the abutment and shall
be at least 50mm diameter PVC or other pipe
materials accepted by the Engineer. Weepholes
must be provided with filter bags as specified in
special provision or as directed by the Engineer,
and shall be incidental to Pay Item 505.
STONE MASONRY
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of stone masonry in minor
structures, in headwalls for culverts, in retaining
walls at the toes of slopes, and at other called for
on the Plans, constructed on the prepared
foundation bed, in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines,
grades, sections, and dimensions shown on the
Plans or as ordered in writing by the Engineer.
STONE MASONRY
1. STONES
The stone shall be clean, hard, and durable and
shall be subject to the Engineer’s approval. Adobe
stone shall not be used unless otherwise specified.
STONE MASONRY
1. STONES
Sizes and Shapes – unless other sizes are shown on
the Plans, stones have a thickness of not less than
150mm, and widths of not less than one and one-
half times their respective thickness, and the
lengths of not less than one and one half times their
respective widths. Each stone shall be of good
shape and be free of depressions and projections
that might weaken or prevent it from being
properly bedded.
STONE MASONRY
1. STONES
Dressing – the stone shall be dressed to remove any
thin or weak portions. Face stones shall be dressed
to provide bed and joint lines that do not vary
more than 20mm from true lines and to ensure the
meeting of bed and joint lines without the rounding
of corners of the stones in excess of 30mm in radius.
STONE MASONRY
1. STONES
Finish for Exposed Faces – face stones shall be
pitched to the line along the beds and joints. The
maximum projection of rock faces beyond the
pitch lines shall not be more than 50mm.
STONE MASONRY
2. MORTAR
Cement, fine aggregate, and water shall conform
to the respective requirements for those materials
as specified under Item 405, Structural Concrete,
except as to the grading of fine aggregate which
shall all pass the 2.36mm (No. 8) sieve, not less than
15 nor more than 40 percent shall pass the 0.30mm
(No. 50) sieve, and not more than 10 percent shall
pass the 0.15 mm (No. 100) sieve.
STONE MASONRY
2. MORTAR
The mortar for the masonry shall be composed of
one part of Portland Cement and two parts of fine
aggregate by volume and sufficient water to make
the mortar of such consistency that it can be
handed easily and spread with a trowel. Mortar
shall be mixed only in those quantities required for
immediate use. Mortar that is not used within 90
minutes after the water has been added shall be
discarded. Retempering of mortar will not be
permitted.
STONE MASONRY
1. SELECTION AND PLACING
When the masonry is to be placed on a prepared
foundation bed, the bed shall be firm and normal
to, or in steps normal to, the face of the wall, and
shall have been approved by the Engineer before
any stone is placed.
Care shall be taken to prevent the bunching of

small stone or stone of the same size. Large stones
shall be used in the corners.
STONE MASONRY
1. SELECTION AND PLACING
The exposed faces of individual stones shall be
parallel to the faces of the walls in which the stones
are set.
The stones shall be handled as not to jar displace

the stones already set. Suitable equipment shall be
provided for setting stones larger than those that
can be handled by two men. The rolling or turning
of stones on the walls will not be permitted.
STONE MASONRY
2. BED AND JOINTS
Beds for face stones may vary from 20mm to 50mm
in thickness. They shall not extend an unbroken line
through more than 5 stones. Joints may vary from
20mm to 50mm in thickness. They shall not extend in
an unbroken line through more than two stones.
Face stone shall bond at least 150mm longitudinally
and 50mm vertically.
STONE MASONRY
3. HEADERS
Headers shall be distributed uniformly throughout
the walls of the structures so as to form at least one-
fifth of the exposed faces. They shall be of such
lengths as to extend from the front face of the wall
into the backing of at least 300mm. When a wall is
450mm or less in thickness, the headers shall extend
entirely from front to back face.
STONE MASONRY
4. BACKING
Backing shall be built mostly of large stones as
shown in the approved Plans or as directed by
the Engineer. The individual stones composing
the backing and hearting shall be well bonded
with the stones in the face wall and with each
other. All openings and interstices in the
backing shall be filled completely with mortar
or with spalls surrounded completely by mortar.
STONE MASONRY
5. POINTING
Both bed and vertical joints shall be finished as
shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
The mortar in joints on top of surface of masonry
shall be crowned slightly at the center of the
masonry to provide drainage.
STONE MASONRY
6. COPING
Copings, if called for, shall be finished as shown on
the Plans. Where copings are not called for, the top
of the wall shall be finished with stones wide
enough to cover the top of the wall from 450mm to
1000mm in length, and of random heights, with a
minimum height of 150mm. Stone shall be laid in
such a manner that the top course is an integral
part of the wall.
STONE MASONRY
7. WEEPHOLES
It shall conform to the requirements of Item 504,
Riprap and Grouted Riprap under Subsection
504.3.4 Weepholes.
STONE MASONRY
8. CLEANING EXPOSED FACES
Immediately after being laid, and while the mortar
is fresh, all face stones shall be thoroughly cleaned
of mortar stains and shall be kept clean until the
work is completed.
STONE MASONRY
9. CURING
In hot or dry weather, the masonry shall be
satisfactory protected from the sun and shall be
kept wet for a period of at least three days after
completion.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of the construction of rubble
concrete in accordance with this specification and
in conformity with the lines, grades, slopes, and
dimensions shown in the Plans or established by the
Engineer.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
1. STONES
Stones shall be cleaned, hard, and durable and
shall be subject to the Engineer’s approval. Stone
to be used shall be more than 0.015 cubic metre in
volume and not less than 75% of the total volume
of rock embankment and shall consist of stones
0.03 cubic metre in volume as described in Item
506.2.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
2. CONCRETE CLASS “B”
Concrete shall be Class “B” in accordance with
Item 405, Structural Concrete.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
1. PREPARATION OF FOUNDATION BED
The foundation bed shall be excavated to the lines
and grades as shown in the plans directed by the
Engineer, and shall be thoroughly compacted in
accordance with Item 104.3.3.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
2. FORMWORK CONSTRUCTION
Formwork used shall be constructed with sufficient
strength, rigidity, and shape as to leave the finished
works true to dimensions shown on the Plans and
with the surface finished as specified. The inside
surface of the forms shall be cleaned of all dirt,
water, and foreign materials.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
3. PLACING
One layer of concrete Class ”B” shall be placed at
the prepared bed prior to placing of stones.
Concrete class “B” shall be placed after each layer
of stone and shall be thoroughly consolidated by
means of a vibrator inserted in each layer of
concrete.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
3. PLACING
After removal of forms, any cavities, voids, and
honeycomb spots shall be filled up with mortar
composed of one part cement and two parts
sand.
RUBBLE CONCRETE
4. WEEPHOLES
It shall conform to the requirements of Item 504,
Riprap and Grouted Riprap under Subsection
504.3.4, Weepholes.
HAND LAID ROCK EMBANKMENT
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of hand-laid rock
embankment, as designed in the Bid Schedule,
constructed in accordance with this Specification
and in conformity with the lines and grades shown
on the Plans or established by the Engineer.
Stones shall be sound and durable and furnished in
a well-balanced ranged of sizes meeting the
requirements herein. Stones obtained from
excavation under this contract may be used.
Adobe stone shall not be used, unless otherwise
specified.
Sufficient excavation shall be made to expose a
foundation bed that is satisfactory to the Engineer.
The stones shall be founded on this be and laid to
the lines and dimensions required.
Stones shall be laid flat and securely placed with
broken joint lines. The larger stones shall generally
be located in the lower part of the structure and
voids shall be eliminated to the extent possible.
Spalls smaller than the minimum stone size specified
in Section 506.2, shall be used to check the larger
stones solidly in position and to substantially full
voids between the major stones as laid in the
embankment.
The exposed face of the rock mass shall be
reasonably uniform, with no projections of more
than 150mm, beyond the neat lines shown on the
Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
Backfill adjacent to the hand-laid rock

embankment shall be filled entirely with
acceptable material coming from excavation
items and compacted.
SHEET PILES
• DESCRIPTION
This shall consist of furnishing, driving, and cutting
off of sheet piling covered by this Specification.
SHEET PILES
1. TIMBER SHEET PILES
The timber, unless otherwise definitely noted on the
Plans, may consist of any species which will
satisfactory stand driving. It shall be sawn or hewn
with square corners and shall be free from
wormholes, loose knots, wing shakes, decay, or
unsound portion or other defects which might
impair its strength or tightness.
SHEET PILES
2. CONCRETE SHEET PILES
Concrete, reinforcement, and manufacture of
concrete sheet piles shall conform to the
requirement of Item 400, Piling, Subsection 400.2.3,
Concrete Piles.
SHEET PILES
3. STEEL SHEET PILES
Steel sheet piles shall be of the type, weight, and
Section Modulus indicated on the Plans, and shall
conform to the requirements of Item 400, Piling,
Subsection 400.2.7, Sheet Piles. Painting shall
conform to the requirements for Item 411, Paint,
Subsection 411.6.2, Painting Structural Steel.
SHEET PILES
Sheet piles shall be driven to elevation shown on
the Plans or as directed by the Engineer. Where
impractical to drive to plan elevation due to
subsurface conditions, the driving of piles may be
stopped at a higher elevation with the written
permission of the Engineer. However, the Engineer
shall ascertain that the Contractor has adequate
equipment required for the driving and that the
piles can be driven to the plan elevation.
SHEET PILES
The top of the filing shall be driven or cut-off to a
straight line at the elevation indicated on the Plans.
The requirements governing the installation of sheet

piling shall conform in general to those governing
bearing piles as set forth under Item 400, Piling.
CONCRETE SLOPE PROTECTION
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of the furnishing and placing
of concrete slope protection including all
necessary excavation, a bed course, and reinforce
concrete to the required thickness and extent to
protect slopes against erosion. Construction details
shall be as shown on the Plans.
1. BED COURSE
A bed course where required, shall be granular
material which satisfies the requirements for Item
200, Aggregate Sub-base, Grading A.
2. FORMWORK
Formwork, where necessary, shall be as specified in
Item 407, Concrete Structures.
3. STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement shall be as specified in Item
404, Reinforcing Steel.
4. CONCRETE
Concrete shall be Class B, as specified in Item 405,
Structural Concrete, unless otherwise specified or
required by the Engineer.
1. EXCAVATION
The ground shall be excavated where necessary in
accordance with the dimensions, lines, and grades
shown on the Plans.
2. BED COURSE
Where shown one the Plans, or ordered by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall provide and lay a
bed course, to the depth required, and as
specified in Item 200, Aggregate Subbase Course,
compacted at least 100% of the maximum dry
density as determined by AASHTO T 180, Method D.
3. CONCRETE
The Contractor shall provide and place concrete in
accordance with the requirements of item 405,
Structural Concrete, to the required depths in the
positions and to the grades and elevations shown
on the Plans. The concrete slabs shall not be
greater than 4m by 4m and shall have between
slabs, plain vertical straight joints with no joint filler or
sealer.
4. DRAINAGE
Drainage of the bed course or backfill shall be
provided as shown on the Plans or as required by
the Engineer.
GABIONS AND MATTRESSES
• DESCRIPTION
This item shall consist of furnishing, forming wire
mesh baskets, and placing rocks installed at the
location designated, in accordance with this
Specification and in conformity with the lines,
grades, dimensions, and arrangements shown on
the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
1. GENERAL
Gabions shall be constructed of wire mesh and
shall be supplied in various lengths and heights. A
double twisted wire mesh container of variable
sizes, uniformly partitioned into internal cells,
connected with other similar units, and filled with
stones at the project site to form flexible,
permeable, monolithic structures such as retaining
walls, sea walls, channel linings, revetments and
weirs for erosion control.
1. GENERAL
Mattresses are double twisted wire mesh container
uniformly partitioned into internal cells with
relatively small height in relation to other
dimensions, having smaller mesh openings than the
mesh used for gabions. Mattresses are generally
used for riverbank protection and channel linings.
2. WIRE
The wire used in the manufactured of double-
twisted mesh for use in gabions and mattresses shall
conform to the specification as shown below as
appropriate for the style ordered.
STYLE 1 double twisted mesh shall be manufactured

from zinc-coated steel wire conforming to
Specification ASTM A 641, Class 3 coating, soft
temper.

form Zn-5A1-MM coated steel wire conforming to
Specification ASTM A 856 A, Class 3 coating, soft
temper.

from the same type of metallic coated steel wire as
style 1 with an additional PVC coating extruded into
the metallic coated steel wire. The PVC coating shall
conform to the following requirements.

from aluminum coated steel wire conforming to
Specification ASTM A 809, soft temper.
3. LACING WIRE AND STIFFINER
Lacing wire and stiffener shall be made of wire
having the same coating material as the double
twisted wire mesh conforming to Specification
ASTM A 641, A 856 or A 809 with a tensile strength in
accordance with subsection 509.2.7.
• DIMENSIONS
The minimum size of galvanized and PVC coated
wire to be used in the fabrication of the gabion and
mattresses shall be as follows:
• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
TENSILE STRENGTH – tensile strength of Zinc coated
wire used in the fabrication of gabion and mattresses
when tested in accordance with ASTM A370, shall be
as follows:
• WEIGHT OF COATING
The minimum weight of zinc per unit area of
uncoated wire surface shall be in accordance with
ASTM A 975 or as follows:
• ROCK FILL
Rock used in the gabions and mattresses shall consist
of hard, durable rock pieces that will not deteriorate
when submerged in water or exposed to severe
weather conditions. Rock pieces shall be generally
uniformly graded in sizes ranging from 100mm to
200mm. Voids shall be evenly distributed.
• ROCK FILL
No rock size shall exceed 2/3 the mattress depth and
at least 85% by weight of the stone shall have a size
greater than 80mm. No stones shall be able to pass
through the mesh.
The rock shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M63

except that the sodium sulphate soundness loss shall
not exceed 9% after 5 cycles.
• FILTER FABRIC
Filter cloth shall consist of 70% polypropylene and
30% polyethylene.

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DRAINAGE AND SLOPE

Zinc coated( galvanized) corrugated iron or steel

Cast iron culvert pipe

Concrete sewer, storm drain and culvert pipe

Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and sewer

Bituminous coated corrugated metal culvert pipe

Reinforced concrete arch culvert, storm drain and

Reinforced concrete elliptical culvert, storm drain

Asbestos cement pipe for culverts and storm drains

Portland Cement and sand shall conform to the

Mortar shall be used within 30minutes after its

Oakum- Oakum for joints in bell and spigot pipes shall

Hot poured joint sealing compound

Prior to and during incorporation of materials in

for large diameter structural plate pipes the

Or combination of these types or any other types as may

When Bid Schedule contains an estimated

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

501.2 Material Requirements

Granular Backfill Filter Material- shall be permeable

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.1 Pipe installation

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.1 Pipe installation

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.1 Pipe installation

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.1 Pipe installation

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.2 Underdrain Outlets

501.3 Construction Requirements

501.3.3 Blind Drain

501.4 Method of Measurement

Kung ang butterfly ay paruparo, anu

1.__________shall be made from

Ans. Oakum for joints in bell and

Kung ang Vain Tea ay twenty, anu

2. elliptical and elliptically

Corrugated Metal Units- shall conform to plan

Frames, Gratings, Covers and Ladder Rungs- metal

Box grates or Road drainage shall be used to

504.3 Construction Requirements

__________________ shall be used to

Ans. Box grates or Road drainage

Joint mortar shall be composed

Ans. one part Portland Cement

Water absorption of individual

Stones for riprap shall be one of the following

CLASS A – Stones ranging from a minimum of 15kg to

CLASS B – Stones ranging from a minimum of 30kg to

CLASS C – Stones ranging from a minimum of 60kg to

CLASS D – Stones ranging from a minimum of 100kg to

Sound pieces of broken concrete obtained from the

The stones shall also be laid in a manner that the

Care shall be taken to prevent the bunching of

The stones shall be handled as not to jar displace

Backfill adjacent to the hand-laid rock

The requirements governing the installation of sheet