SKELETAL

SYSTEM
 The Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments
Two subdivisions of the skeleton
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton
Sample Questions
 Functions of Bones
• Support the body
• Protect soft organs
• Allow movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
• Store minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
 Bones of Human Body
• The adult skeleton has
206 bones while baby
has 300 bones at birth
• Two basic types of bone
tissue
• Compact bone-found in
the diaphysis of the
bones.
• Spongy bone-found in
the epiphysis of the
bones.
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
 Classification of Bones
Long bones
 Typically longer than they are wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both ends
 Contain mostly compact bone

Example:
Femur
Humerus
Classification of Bones
 Classification of Bones
Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone

Example:
Carpals
Tarsals
Classification of Bones
 Classification of Bones
Flat bones
 Thin, flattened, and usually curved
 Two thin layers of compact bone surround a
 layer of spongy bone

Example:
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Classification of Bones
 Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
 Irregular shape
 Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Example:
Vertebra
Hip Bones
Classification of Bones
 Sesamoid bones

• Are formed after birth inside of tendons

• Grow to protect the tendon from stresses
and strains at the joint and can help to give a
mechanical advantage to muscles pulling on
the tendon.
• Ex.
• Patella
• Pisiform bone
Sesamoid bones
Formation of the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
 Bone Growth (Ossification)
Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of
long bones during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
 Cartilage is broken down
 Enclosed cartilage is digested away,
opening up a medullary cavity
 Bone replaces cartilage through the action
of osteoblasts
 Bone Growth (Ossification)
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth
stops
Bones are remodeled in response to two
factors
 Blood calcium levels
 Pull of gravity and muscles on the
skeleton
Bones grow in width
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Common Types of Fractures
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Summary of Joint Classes
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
+
The Synovial Joint
CARTILAGE

Cartilage is connective
tissue that is less rigid
than bone and less
flexible than muscles
 TYPES OF CARTILAGE
Elastic Cartilage
- is the most flexible, which means it
contains the most chondrocytes. This is the
type of cartilage found in your ear. If you look at
this slide, which is what elastic cartilage looks
like under a microscope, you'll note quite a few
chondrocytes.
Fewer chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage make it
less flexible than elastic cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
- is the second most flexible, and this
cartilage is found in your nose and at the end of
your ribs. Again, note the chondrocytes in this
tissue; you'll notice there are fewer than in the
elastic cartilage tissue slide.
Fibrocartilage

- is the cartilage with the fewest

number of chondrocytes, which means
it bends the least. This is the type of
cartilage found in your knee, as well as
in between the vertebrae in your spine.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments are bundles of connective
tissue that connect one bone to an
adjacent bone. The basic building blocks of
a ligament are collagen fibers. These
fibers are very strong, flexible, and
resistant to damage from pulling or
compressing stresses
2 SUBDIVISIONS
OF SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
The Axial Skeleton
The Hyoid Bone
The Vertebral Column
The Vertebral Column
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Sacrum and Coccyx
The Bony Thorax
The Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Bones of the Upper Limbs
The Pelvis
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Bones of the Lower Limbs
Bones of the Lower Limb
Arches of the Foot
Ossification Centers in a 12-week-old
Fetus
Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
 ASSIGNMENTS
DIRECTIONS: In a 2 short bond paper, draw the

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton and

label it.
 Prepared by:
Alcopra, Gail Tweeny Rose
Barliso, Godofredo
Tabar, Charity Mae