REFINING PROCESS

ZAMI FURQON
 SEPARATION
• Secara umum produk minyak bumi atau
petroleum products dapat dibagi ke dalam
dua (2) kelompok:
(1) Produk bahan Bakar atau fuel products dan
(2)Produk Bukan Bahan Bakar atau nonfuel
products.
 SEPARATION
• Produk fuel petroleum yang terbanyak adalah
sebagai berikut:
1. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)
2. Gasoline
3. Kerosene and jet fuel
4. Diesel and heating oil
5. Residual fuel oil
 SEPARATION
• Produk nonfuel petroleum adalah sebagai
berikut:
1. Solvents
2. Naphthas
3. Lubricants
4. Petroleum waxes
5. Asphalt
 SEPARATION
• To be able to plan refinery operations,
• the availability of a set of product quality
prediction methods is therefore very
important.
• Experimental methods on measurement of
basic properties that can be obtained from
laboratory testing are first presented and then
methods of prediction of properties 310 that
are not available will be discussed
 SIFAT FISIK PETROLEUM PRODUK
• Titik didih rata-rata (ABP)
• Faktor Karakteristik Watson ( KUOP )
• Berat Molekul (Molecular Weight)
• Specific Heat, Heat Capacity, Latent Heat
• Heating Value (GHV-NHV)
• Viscosity
 STANDARD
There are a number of international organizations that are known
as standard organizations that recommend specific characteristics
or standard measuring techniques for various petroleum products
1. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) in the United
States
2. ISO (International Organization for Standardization), which is at the
international level
3. IP (Institute of Petroleum) in the United Kingdom
4. API (American Petroleum Institute) in the United States
5. AFNOR (Association Francaise de Normalisation), an official standard
organization in France
6. Deutsche Institut fur Norrnung (DIN) in Germany
7. Japan Institute of Standards (J-IS) in Japan
 DEFINISI DASAR DAN KORELASI
Cut point
• Cut point didefinisikan sebagai batasan suhu
(upper dan lower) trayek titik didih suatu
fraksi yang dihasilkan dari suatu proses
distilasi Crude Oil serta diwakili oleh kurva
TBP.
• Cut point adalah suhu ideal yang digunakan
untuk mendefinisikan yield suatu fraksi yang
dihasilkan.
 DEFINISI DASAR DAN KORELASI
Initial Boiling Point
• IBP adalah bacaan pada thermometer dibagian
leher labu flask saat tetesan pertama distillate
meninggalkan bagian condenser tube.
• IBP adalah titik didih komponen yang paling
ringan didalam campuran petroleum fraction
• Akurasi bacaan ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa
kondisi,yaitu suhu ruang, laju pemanasan, dan
suhu condenser
 DEFINISI DASAR DAN KORELASI
Final Boiling Point atau End Points
• FBP atau End points adalah suhu akhir aktual
dari suatu fraksi yang dihasilkan secara
komersial.
• FBP adlah suhu maksimum selama pengujian
dan pengukurannya cukup sulit dan tidak
akurat.
• FBP adalah titik didih senyawa paling berat
dalam campuran petroleum fraction
 DEFINISI DASAR DAN KORELASI
• The difference between FBP and IBP is called
boiling point range or simply boiling range.
• For the gas oil sample shown in Fig. 3.1 the
IBP is 248oC (477oF and the FBP is 328oC (62
1oF Therefore its boiling range is 80oC (144oF
and compounds in the mixture have
approximate carbon number range of C14-C19
Gambar 1.1. Kurva TBP, Cut points dan End points.
Comparison between calculated ASTM curve and lab data.
Principal petroleum products with carbon numbers and boiling ranges
• Petroleum fractions are mixtures of
hydrocarbon compounds with a limited boiling
point range
• Petroleum Product
 1. BOILING POINT
• The boiling point of the lightest component in
a petroleum mixture is called initial boiling
point (IBP) and the boiling point of the
heaviest compound is called the final boiling
point (FBP).
• The difference between FBP and IBP is called
boiling point range or simply boiling range.
 1. BOILING POINT
• The boiling point curve of petroleum fractions
provides an insight into the composition of
feedstocks and products related to petroleum
refining processes.
• There are several methods of measuring and
reporting boiling points of petroleum fractions
that are described below.
 1. BOILING POINT
• For a petroleum fraction of unknown
composition, the boiling point may be
presented by a curve of temperature versus
vol% (or fraction) of mixture vaporized.
• Different mixtures have different boiling point
curves as shown in Fig. for a gas oil petroleum
product
Distillation curve for a gas oil and three pure hydrocarbons
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
• Titik Didih atau Boiling points Fraksi Minyak
Bumi diperkenalkan oleh Kurva Distilasi,
seperti Distillation ASTM atau Distillation TBP.
• Umumnya ABP untuk fraksi minyak bumi
didefinisikan untuk menentukan karakter titik
didih tunggal.
• Didefinisikan untuk campuran n komponen
sebagai
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
• Ada lima (5) titik didih rata-rata yang didefinisikan
oleh persamaan-persamaan berikut. Tiga (3) dari
titik didih rata-rata tersebut adalah
1. VABP (volume average boiling point),
2. MABP (molal average boiling point) and
3. WABP (weight average boiling point), defined for
a mixture of n components as Two other average
boiling points are
4. CABP (cubic average boiling point) and
5. MeABP (mean average boiling point)
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Volume Average Boiling Point
• Untuk perhitungan specific heat, VABP
direkomendasikan

Dimana:
• T10, T30, T50, T70, dan T90 adalah suhu Distilasi
ASTM pada vol% :10, 30, 50, 70, dan 90
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
MeABP (mean average boiling point)
• ABP yang paling bermanfaat adalah MeABP,
yang direkomendasikan untuk korelasi banyak
sifat fisik dan juga perhitungan Watson K (Kw)
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Cubic Average Boiling Point

• CABP adalah dalam satuan Kelvin

 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
• Dimana ABP adalah Average Boiling Point yang
terdiri dari VABP, MABP, atau WABP dan xi
adalah sama dengan volume, mole, atau
weight fraction dari komponen i.
• Tbi adalah titik didih normal (NBP) komponen i
dalam skala kelvin
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Contoh:
• Hitung MeABP fraksi minyak bumi. Jika API
gravity fraksi ini = 62. Hitung Kw atau faktor
Watson’s characterization.
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Penyelesaian:
• Suhu distillasi ASTM D86 dikonversi menjadi
oF. VABP diperoleh dari persamaan (3.6)

• SL = 2.6325
• Δ = 18.279
• MeBP = 224.4 – 18.3 = 206.1 oF or 96.7 oC
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT

Dimana
• ABP = titik didih rata-rata WABP, MABP, CABP,
atau MeABP dan AT adalah suhu koreksi untuk
masing-masing ABP.
 AVERAGE BOILING POINT
• Dari Pers (3.2), SG dapat dihitung:
• In using these equations if specific gravity of a
fraction is not available, it may be estimated
from available distillation curves at 10 and
50% points as given by the following equation:

• where constants a, b, and c for the three types

of distillation data, namely, ASTM D 86, TBP,
and EFV, are given in Table 3.4. Temperatures
at 10 and 50% are both in kelvin.
SPESIFIC GRAVITY
 LATIHAN
Contoh:
• A jet naphtha has the following ASTM D 86 distillation
curve [ 1 ]:
Vol% Distilled 10 30 50 70 90
ASTM D 86 Temperature, oC 151.1 156.1 160.6 165.0 171.7

a. Calculate VABP, WABR MABP, CABP, and MeABP for

this fraction. Comment on your calculated MeABP
b. Estimate the specific gravity of this fraction and
compare with reported value of 0.8046.
c. Calculate the Kw for this fraction and compare with
reported value of 11.48.
 KUOP
• K factor (KUOP) atau characterization
factor adalah suatu cara sistematik
menggolongkan jenis crude oil sesuai dengan
sifatnya senyawa paraffinic, naphthenic,
intermediate atau aromatic.
• Nilai 12.5 atau lebih tinggi menunjukkan crude oil
mengandung unsur-unsur yang bersifat paraffinic,
• Sedangkan nilai 10 atau lebih rendah
menunjukkan crude oil bersifat aromatic.
• K factor juga berhubungan dengan faktor K UOP
 KUOP
• The Watson characterization factor denoted
by Kw is one of the oldest characterization
factors originally defined by Watson
• For this reason the parameter is sometimes
called UOP characterization factor and is
defined as
 KUOP
• This factor is perhaps one of the more widely
used derived characterization or classification
factors and is defined by the formula

Where:
• Tb = normal boiling point K
• Tb =the mean average boiling point
• SG = specific gravity at 15.5oC
 KUOP
The Watson characterization factor :
• KW =15 for highly paraffinic compounds ,
• KW <10 for highly aromatic materials and
• KW vary from 10.5 to 12.9.
• For a highly naphthenic crude it is 10.5 to 12.9
for a paraffinic base crude.
 KUOP

Dimana :
• (MeABP) adalah Titik Didih Rata-Rata average
boiling points in degrees Rankin
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of
a molecule.
• It is calculated as the sum of the atomic mass of each
constituent atom multiplied by the number of atoms of
that element in the molecular formula. The molecular
mass of small to medium size molecules, measured by
mass spectrometry, determines stoichiometry.
• For large molecules such as proteins, methods based
on viscosity and light-scattering can be used to
determine molecular mass when crystallographic data
are not available.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Any material or energy balance calculations
would certainly require the estimation of
molecular weight of a petroleum fraction.
Experimentally, the average molecular weight
can be determined by several methods, such
as freezing point depression osmometry, or
gel permeation chromatography. Most oil
fractions have molecular weights in the range
of 100–700
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Since petroleum fractions are mixtures of hydrocarbon
compounds, mixture molecular weight is defined as an
average value called number average molecular weight or
simply molecular weight of the mixture and it is calculated
as follows:

where
• xi = Mole fraction
• Mi = Molecular weight of component i,
• M = Ratio of total mass of the mixture to the total
moles in the mixture.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• There are three (3) methods that are widely
used to measure the molecular weight of
various petroleum fractions. These are
1. Cryoscopy Methode
2. Vapor Pressure Method, and
3. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Method.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
SEC Methode
• SEC method is commonly used to measure
distribution of molecular weight, For heavy
petroleum fractions and asphaltenic compounds
in the fraction.
• The SEC method is mainly used to determine
molecular weights of polymers in the range of
2000 to 2 x 106.
• This method is also called gel permeation
chromatography (GPC) and is described in the
ASTM D 5296 test method
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Vapor Pressure Methode
• The vapor pressure method is based on the
measurement of the difference between
vapor pressure of sample and that of a known
reference solvent with a vapor pressure
greater than that of the sample. A solution of
about 1 g of sample in 25 mL of the reference
solvent is prepared.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Cryoscopy Method
• The third and most widely used method of
determining the molecular weight of an unknown
petroleum mixture which is based on freezing
point depression.
• The freezing point of a solution is a measure of
the solution's concentration. As the
concentration of the solute increases, the
freezing point of the solution will be lower.
• The relation between freezing point depression
and concentration is linear.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• The method most suitable for determining
molecular weights within this range is that
based on freezing point depression.

• where Kf is molal freezing point depression

constant of the solvent and is about
5.12oC/mol
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Most crude oils and petroleum fractions have
average molecular weights from 100 to 500.
Although, there are several methods for
measuring the molecular weight, the most
suitable method is that based on freezing
point depression.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
• Prediction of the molecular weight of
petroleum fractions is achieved through the
following equation (Pedersen et al., 1989):
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT

• where M is the molecular weight of the

petroleum fraction, Tb is the mean average
boiling point of the petroleum fraction in K,
and SG is the specific gravity, 60o F/60o F.
• LIHAT EBOOK : FUNDAMENTAL OF
PETROLEUM REFINING, Page 49.
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT
Contoh:
• Calculate the molecular weight for the cut with
NBP of 216.4 oCand K = 11.94

Solution:
• This cut has a NBP of 216.4 oC or 489.55 oK and a
specific gravity of 0.8029 from equation (3.5)
knowing that K ¼ 11.94. Using equation (3.11),
the molecular weight is calculated to be 170.8.