Structural Design of B+G+6

Apartment Building

Prepared by:

Lemlem Mulugeta
Mahlet Kassa
Mohammed Sherif
Nejib Mohammed
Rediet Ayele

03 July 2017
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Building Design in a nutshell
• Buildings – are structures composed of structural as well
as architectural parts.
• Every structural design is supposed to insure that the
structure will perform satisfactorily during its design life
 the structure must
- sustain all actions and influences that are likely to
occur during execution and use
- Remain fit for intended use
- have adequate mechanical resistance, serviceability and
durability
Design Approach

• Limit State Design

 Limit state – state beyond which the structure
infringes an agreed performance criterion
• Two basic groups of limit states to be considered are
1. Ultimate limit states (ULS) and
2. Serviceability Limit States (SLS)
ULS

• associated with collapse or failure, and generally govern

the strength of the structure or components
• include loss of equilibrium or stability of the whole
structure

SLS
• generally correspond to conditions of the structure in use
• include deformation, cracking and vibration which:
1. damage the structure or non-structural components
(finishes, partitions etc.) or the contents of the
building (such as machinery)
2. cause discomfort to occupants of the building
SLS (continued …)

3. affect adversely appearance, durability or water and

weather tightness.
• Generally components of the building are designed for
ultimate limit states and checked against serviceability
limit states requirements.
• This approach is adopted in our design task.
Design Codes

• In our thesis work we mainly employed Eurocode 2 (EN

1992) along with Eurocodes 0 and 1 (EN 1990 and EN
1991)
 EN 1990 – Basis of structural design
 EN 1991 – Actions on structures
 EN 1992 – Design of concrete structures
Eurocode 2

• is subdivided in to four parts

• Among these part 1-1 of the code is our main design guideline
• Part 1-1 of Eurocode 2 gives a general basis for the design of
structures in plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete made
with normal and light weight aggregates together with
specific rules for buildings.
Combination of Actions

• Permanent and variable/transient actions will occur in

different combinations
 As Eurocode 2 is based on the ULS approach, partial
factors of safety for materials and loads are prescribed.
- Partial factor of safety for materials
concrete: 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5
rebar: 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15
- Generally, for loads EC 2 adopts the following values of
partial factors for various types of actions:
Permanent (Gravity) loads: 𝛾𝐺 = 1.35
Variable (transient) loads: 𝛾𝑄 = 1.5
 Chapter 2

Wind Load Analysis and

Roof Design
Wind Actions

• Wind loads are produced by the flow of wind around the

structure.
• The magnitudes of wind loads that may act on a
structure depend on
 the geographical location of the structure,
 obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as
nearby buildings, and
 the geometry and the vibrational characteristics of
the structure itself.
Wind Actions (Cnt’d)

• Wind actions fluctuate with time and act directly as

pressures on the external surfaces of enclosed structures
and, because of porosity of the external surface, also act
indirectly on the internal surfaces.
• They may also act directly on the internal surface of open
structures.
• Pressures act on areas of the surface resulting in forces
normal to the surface of the structure or of individual
cladding components.
• Additionally, when large areas of structures are swept by
the wind, friction forces acting tangentially to the surface
may be significant.
•
Modeling and Representations of Wind
Actions
• The effect of wind on the wind on the structure (i.e. the
response of the structure), depends on the size, shape
and dynamic properties of the structure.
• The wind action is represented by a simplified set of
pressures or forces whose effects are equivalent to the
extreme effects of the turbulent wind.
• The wind actions calculated using EN 1991-1-4 are
characteristic values. They are determined from the basic
values of wind velocity or the velocity pressure.
Wind Load Analysis for Roof

• The roof mainly consists of the standard Howe roof truss

system, purlins and EGA sheet cover.
• Wind load analysis and design of the roof system is done
in compliance with the requirements and procedures
detailed in Eurocodes (Mainly EN 1991-1-4).
• Wind actions on structures and structural elements shall
be determined taking account of both external and
internal wind pressures.
•
Wind Load Analysis for Roof (… cnt’d)

• The net pressure on the roof is the difference between

the pressures on the external and internal surfaces
taking due account of their signs.
• Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as
positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as
negative. These positive and negative
External and Internal Pressure

• The net force due to wind pressure acting on the roof

structure is computed by multiplying the net wind
pressure, which is the vector summation of external and
internal wind pressures, with the appropriate reference
area.
• External pressure 𝑤𝑒 and internal pressure 𝑤𝑖 on the
roof surfaces are determined using the following
expressions
 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 )𝑐𝑝𝑒
𝑤𝑖 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑖 )𝑐𝑝𝑖
• Where:
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = peak velocity pressure,
𝑧𝑒 (𝑧𝑖 ) = reference height for external (internal)
pressure,
𝑐𝑝𝑒 (𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = external (internal) pressure coefficient.
External and Internal Pressure
Coefficients
• External pressure coefficients 𝑐𝑝𝑒 are determined for
each zone of the roof. Zoning of the monopitch roof is
done following the guidelines of EN 1991 Part 1-4.
• For closed building with internal partitions and opening
windows the extreme values for internal pressure
coefficient are:
𝑐𝑝𝑖 = 0.8 for pressure [Positive Pressure]
𝑐𝑝𝑖 = −0.5 for suction [Negative Pressure]
Design of Purlins and Trusses

• Design of roof truss purlin is performed considering them

as lattice structure with steel members (same as in
trusses)
 Member forces are determined using joint
equilibrium
 Critical combination of member forces is used in the
design of sections as compression members.
• Identical procedure is used as in the design of roof
trusses.
 Chapter 3

Design of Flat Slabs

Flat Slab

• A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported by

concrete columns without the use of intermediary
beams.
• The slab may be of constant thickness throughout or in
the area of the column it may be thickened as a drop
panel.
• The column may also be of constant section or it may be
flared to form a column head or capital.
Flat Slab Construction Types
• The drop panels are effective in reducing the shearing
stresses where the column is liable to punch through the
slab, and they also provide an increased moment of
resistance where the negative moments are greatest.
• In our case we will design ground and upper floor slabs
without drop panels and column heads.
Advantages over other types

• The flat slab floor has many advantages over the beam
and slab floor.
 The simplified formwork and the reduced story
heights make it more economical. Windows can
extend up to the underside of the slab, and there
are no beams to obstruct the light and the
circulation of the air.
 The absence of sharp corners gives greater fire
resistance as there is less danger of the concrete
spalling and exposing the reinforcement.
Analysis

• Materials Specifications:
 Concrete: C-25 with 𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.8 25MPa =20MPa
 Reinforcement: fyk =400 MPa – this steel grade is
selected because the application rules for design
and detailing in EN 1991-1-1 are valid for a specified
yield strength range, fyk =400 MPa to 600 MPa.
 Class one workmanship ⇒ gc = 1.5, gs = 1.5
 Concrete cover = 25mm
Load Cases and Combination

• While the general requirement is that all relevant load

cases should be investigated to arrive at the critical
conditions for the design of all sections, EN 1992-1-1
permits simplified load arrangements for the design of
continuous beams and slabs. The arrangements to be
considered are(Clause 5.1.3):
1- alternate spans loaded with the design variable
and permanent loads (1.35Gk+1.5Qk) and other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk)
Load Cases and Combination ( … cnt’d)

2- any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and

permanent loads (1.35Gk+1.5Qk), with all other spans
carrying only the design permanent load (1.35Gk).
• We shall employ option (1) in our design with
Method of Analysis

• The slabs span in one way and are continuous over either
three or four spans.
• Several methods of analysis are available, including the
use of simplified moment coefficients, equivalent frame
analysis, finite element analysis, grillage analysis and
yield line methods. We use the equivalent frame analysis
along with moment distribution method.
• The structure is divided in to two orthogonal directions,
in to frames consisting of columns and strips of slab.
Method of Analysis ( … continued)

• For vertical loading, the effective stiffness of the slab

strips may be based on centerlines of panels. Each frame
will be simplified to a series of sub-frames, consisting of
the slab at one level together with the columns above
and below the slab.
Flexural Design

• The slab panels should be notionally divided into column

and middle strips and the bending moments for the full
panel width apportioned within specified limits.
Definition of Panels
Division of Moments among Strips

• The hogging moments at the internal columns will be

allocated in the proportions (Table I.1 in EN 1992, Part 1-
1): 75% on column strips, 25% on middle strip.
• The sagging moment in the spans will be allocated in the
proportions: 55% on column strips, 45% on middle strips.
Special Provision for Slab Edge

• As a result of flexural and torsional cracking of the edge

(and corner) columns, the effective width through which
moments can be transferred between the slabs and
columns will be much narrower than in the case for
internal columns. Empirically, this is allowed for in the
design by limiting the maximum moment the slab
(without edge beams) can transfer to the columns:
Mt,max = 0.17be d2 fck
• Where: be = effective width of the strip transferring the
moment as defined in the Fig shown below, and
d = effective depth of the slab.
Reinforcement Design

• ULS
M
=K
2
bd 𝑓 𝑐𝑘
𝑧
= (0.5+ 0.25 − 0.882𝐾) ≤ 0.95
𝑑
M
As =
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑧
• This quantity of reinforcement requirement is checked
against SLS and other criteria such as size and spacing of
stirrups.
 Chapter 4

Design of Columns
• The column is a structural carry the loads from the beam
and slabs down to foundation and therefore they are
primarily compression members although they may also
have resist bending forces due to the continuity of the
structure
• In the analysis of a section subjected to an axial load plus
direct solution of the equation that determine the areas
of reinforcement can be vary laborious and impractical
• Therefore design chart or computers are often employed
to facilitate the routine design of column section.
Actions on Columns
- For the columns on axis –B the sub- frame analysis
results shown in section give shears in strips of slab and
column moments for three load cases and apply to 2nd up
to 6th floor levels.
- Loading details are as follows.
- Load per storey due to the self- weight of the columns:
- Column from basement to ground floor
1.35*0.2*0.5*2.9*25 = 9.8kN
- Column from ground floor to mezzanine
1.35*0.2*0.5*2.7*25 = 9.8KN
- Column above mezzanine floor
1.35*0.2*0.5*3*25 = 10.1KN
EDGE COLUMN B1
At each level, the load applied is the sum of the shear force
on Axis-B (section) plus the edge loading.
• At each floor, the load due to
the edge slab and walling = 0.6 x0.3 x 14.7 x [5.15 + 4.67] +
0.6 x1.35 x 5 x [5.15 + 4.67] = 65.8 kN
at the roof the additional load = truss support reaction +
self-weight of tie beams
Design of Top Tie Beam

• The tie beam is designed based on the loading shown in (self-

weight) plus allowance of 3 kN/m for weight of parapet wall.
The longest span of beam (= 5.15 m) with parapet wall on it is
considered for our design.
• Wd = 2.03 + 1.35 (3) = 6.1 kN/m
DESIGN OF AN EDGE COLUMN

• C-25 with characteristic value in MPa

• S-400 with characteristic value in MPa
• Design data:
• A column section with b = 200 mm and h = 500 mm is
assumed
• From results of analysis of sub-frame on Axis B (Table 2.3), we
see that the maximum axial load transferred to column is
176.6 kN.
Conclusion
• All columns are design to ultimate limit state and we check the
serviceability limited state for all condition.
 Chapter 5

Design of Stairs and Internal Walls

Stairs

• The stair has three flights that go around three sides of

the elevator well.
• However, for ease of analysis the stair is considered to
have two flights, each 1.20 m wide, that run adjacent to
each other separated by 200 mm gap.
• There are 9 steps in each flight, each with 166.7 mm rise
and 250 mm going. Waist and landing are both 150 mm
thick.
Internal Walls

• The building is provided with a core containing lift and

staircase.
• The walls enclosing these areas provide lateral stability to the
structure as a whole.
• Each wall is laterally supported by the floors and by adjacent
perpendicular walls.
Thank you!