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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my instructor at
M.S.R.C.A.S.C., Priyanka Banerjee, along with
my fellow postgraduate students, for offering
their comments and suggestions to help me
create this learning module

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INDEX

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INTRODUCTION
• Organelle
• formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired
via endosymbiosis
o Mitochondria
o Chloroplast
• Membrane bound and Non-membrane bound organelle
Membrane bound Non-membrane bound
•Chloroplast •ribosome
•endoplasmic reticulum •Peroxisome
•Flagellum •cilium
•Golgi apparatus •Lysosome
•Mitochondria •Nucleolus
•Vacuole •Cilium
•nucleus •acrosome 3
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RIBOSOME
• Ribonucleo-protein particles
• Not bounded by membrane
• Site of protein synthesis
• Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Exception: Mature sperm and RBCs

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DISCOVERY
• Robert CLAUDE- 1943- microsomes
• Robinson and Brown- 1953- Vicia faba
• George PALADE- 1955- Ribosomes

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OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION

• Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Exception: Mature Sperm and RBCs
• Prokaryotes: Free form in cytoplasm
• Eukaryotes:
1. Free form in cytoplasm,
2. Bound form as attached to endoplasmic
reticulum and outer nuclear membrane
• Organelles
1. Mitochondria: mito-ribosomes
2. Chloroplastids: plastido-ribosomes
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NUMBER
• The number differs greatly depending on the
function.
• Cells that produce secretions that contain
proteins have many ribosomes.
• Escherichia coli : 10,000 to 20,000 ribosomes;
15% of total body mass

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TYPES OF RIBOSOMES
• Based on sedimentation co-efficient
• Svedberg unit- Theodore SVEDBERG
1. 70S: Prokaryotes
2. 80S: Eukaryotes
• 55S ribosomes- vertebrate mitochondria
• Actual S values in different organisms may be
slightly higher or lower

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 STRUCTURE
• 70S • 80S
• Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes
• Larger 50S and smaller • Larger 60S and smaller
30 S 40
• Molecular Weight: • Molecular Weight: 4-
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3x106 daltons 5x10 daltons

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• Not bound by membrane

• Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and less
denser than eukaryotic ribosomes
• Composed of 2 subunits
• Each subunit consists of a protein and a type
of RNA called Ribosomal RNA

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30S subunit
• Smaller
• Molecular weight of 0.9 x 106
• Made up of 16S rRNA and 22 polypeptide
chains

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50S subunit
• Larger
• Molecular weight of 1.8 x 106
• Consists of 5S rRNA, 23S rRNA and 34
polypeptide chains

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40S subunit

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FUNCTION
• Translation
• Process of Protein Synthesis
• Protein Synthesis is divided into three stages:
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

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SITES OF RIBOSOME
• The ribosome has three sites for binding tRNA
• The Peptidyl or Donor site (the P site)
• The Aminoacyl or Acceptor Site (the A site)
• The Exit Site (the E site)

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