Chapter

11
Introductory
Geometry

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 NCTM Standard: Geometry
In grades preK–2, all students should
 recognize, name, build, draw, compare, and
sort two- and three-dimensional shapes;
 describe attributes and parts of two-and three-
dimensional shapes;
 investigate and predict the results of putting
together and taking apart two- and three-
dimensional shapes. (p. 96)

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 NCTM Standard: Geometry
In grades 3–5 all students should
 sort, build, draw, model, trace, measure, and
construct, the capacity to visualize geometric
relationships
 learn to reason and to make, test, and justify
conjectures

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 NCTM Standard: Geometry
In grades 6–8, all students should
 precisely describe, classify, and understand
relationships among types of two- and three-
dimensional objects using their defining
properties;
 use visual tools such as networks to represent
and solve problems. (p. 240)

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 11-1 Basic Notions
 Linear Notions
 Planar Notions
 Other Planar Notions
 Angles
 Angle Measurement
 Types of Angles
 Perpendicular Lines
 A Line Perpendicular to a Plane

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Undefined terms: points, lines, and
planes

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Lines
A line has no thickness and it extends forever in
two directions.

Given two points, there is one and only one line

that connects these points.

If P and Q are any two points, we can create a

number line on the line PQ such that there is one-
to-one correspondence between the points on the
line and real numbers.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Linear Notions

Collinear points
 Line ℓ contains points A, B, and C.
 Points A, B, and C belong to line ℓ.
 Points A, B, and C are collinear.
 Points A, B, and D are not collinear.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.
 Linear Notions

Between
 Point B is between points A and C on line ℓ.
 Point D is not between points A and C.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Linear Notions

AB or BA

Line segment
A subset of a line that contains two points of the
line and all points between those two points.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Linear Notions

AB

Ray
A subset of the line AB that contains the
endpoint A, the point B, all points between A
and B, and all points C on the line such that B
is between A and C.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Planar Notions
Coplanar
 Points D, E, and G are
coplanar.
 Points D, E, F, and G
are not coplanar.
 Lines DE, DF, and FE are coplanar.
 Lines DE and EG are coplanar.
 Lines DE and EG are intersecting lines; they
intersect at point E.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.
 Planar Notions
Skew lines
 Lines GF and DE are
skew lines. They do not
intersect, and there is no
plane that contains them.

Concurrent lines
 Lines DE, EG, and EF are concurrent lines;
they intersect at point E.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.
 Planar Notions

Parallel lines
Line m is parallel to line n. They
have no points in common.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Axioms About Points, Lines, and Planes
 There is exactly one line that contains any two
distinct points.
 If two points lie in a plane, then the line
containing the points lies in the plane.
 If two distinct planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.
 There is exactly one plane that contains any
three distinct noncollinear points.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Theorems About Points, Lines, and
Planes
 A line and a point not on the line determine a
plane.
 Two parallel lines determine a plane.
 Two intersecting lines determine a plane.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Planar Notions

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Half plane
Line AB separates plane  into two half-
planes.
Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.
 Angles
Angle – formed by two rays
with the same endpoint.

Sides of an angle – the two

rays that form an angle.

Vertex – the common endpoint of the two rays

that form an angle.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Angles
Adjacent angles – two angles with a common
vertex and a common side, but without
overlapping interiors.
QPR is adjacent to RPS.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Angle Measurement
Degree : of a rotation about a point

Minute : of a degree

Second : of a minute

Protractor

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Example 11-1
a. Find the measure of BAC
if m1 = 47°45′ and
m2 = 29°58′ .

mBAC = 17°47′

b. Express 47°45′36″ as a number of degrees.

47°45′36″ = 47°+ 0.75° + 0.01° = 47.76°

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Angles

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Angles

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

Perpendicular Lines

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 A Line Perpendicular to a Plane

A line perpendicular to a plane is a line that is

perpendicular to every line in the plane through
its intersection with the plane.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Perpendicular Planes
If P is any point on AD, Q in
plane α, and S in plane β so that
PQ  AD and PS  AD, then
QPS is also a right angle.

Since QPS measures 90°, the

planes are perpendicular.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.

 Dihedral Angles
A dihedral angle is formed by
the union of two half-planes
and the common line defining
the half-planes.

A dihedral angle is measured

by any of the associated planar
angles such OPD, where
PO  AC and PD  AC.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, and 2007, Pearson Education, Inc.