Speed Control

-Classical method – Ward-Leonard system

- Solid-state converters based- Static Ward-Leonard system

Ward-Leonard system

Armature voltage control – Adjust the field current of generator

Field control – Adjust the field current of motor
Static Ward-Leonard system
 Controlled Rectifier

- Output dc voltage is adjustable

- Maximum o/p voltage achievable is corresponding to that of diode rectifier
- SCR is suitable for phase-control
- With negative polarity of E (load emf ), it is possible to get negative Vo,dc
- Negative o/p current is not possible
- Negative power flow is possible
- Voltage reversal is the characteristic property of controlled rectifiers
- Current reversal can be achieved with two rectifiers in antiparallel
- Dual Converters (+- V, I) - control of dc motors
 Controlled Rectifiers
Resistive Load
 Controlled Rectifiers
R-L Load

1
M  (1 cosα)
2
 Controlled Rectifiers
Full converter
 Semi-controlled Rectifiers
Single-Phase

M  cosα
Control characteristics SCR can
conduct in only
in one direction
Three-phase controlled Rectifiers
Control Characteristics
 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier
- Firing of an SCR can be delayed from the instant of natural commutation
 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier

Vo,dc can be –ve and power can flow from load to supply- inverter mode
Conditions: -ve E and 90° <
Controlled Rectifiers
Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier (inverter mode)

Load EMF E affects the bias of SCR- All values of firing angle is not possible.
 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier
Continuous output current

For continuous conduction,

 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier

Pulse of output current starts at

(similar to start of current flow in diode rectifier
Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier
 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier
Impact of source inductance Commutation is not instantaneous
due to source inductance

During commutation, both incoming

and outgoing SCRs conduct
 Phase-Controlled Six-pulse Rectifier
Expression for currents in incoming and outgoing SCRs

di1 di
0  v AB  vCB  Ls  Ls 2
dt dt

Integrating
 Impact of Source Inductance

- Commutation angle/overlap angle

– represents the commutation interval in angle domain

Expression for commutation angle

Both o/p voltage and current waveforms are

affected
 Impact of Source Inductance
Expression for reduction in dc component of o/p voltage

Output voltage in practical rectifier

Line voltage notching

Dual Converters

Possible only if switching is infrequent

 Dual Converters
Circulating current-free dual converter
Circulating current dual converter
For +ve o/p current,
SCRs TA1 through TC1’ are
in operation and others are
off

For -ve o/p current,

SCRs TA2 through TC2’ are
in operation and others are
off

When TB1 and TC1’ are in ON condition, voltage across TC2 ic VBC which
forward biases TC2. Improper firing of TC2 will short circuit the lines B and C.
When change of polarity of current is required, incoming SCR should be fired
after a delay (waiting period till the current in the outgoing SCR dies out. )
Transition to non-conduction mode at large firing angles
 Dual Converters
Circulating current dual converter Both rectifiers operate simultaneously
One in rectifiers mode (f1 < 90) another in
inverter mode (f2 = 180- f1 )

Dc component of o/p of
both converters are equal
but instantaneous values
are different and this
causes circulating current
Dual Converters