REMOTE SENSING AND GIS (EFT 2182)

Output:
Map

By: Dr Wani Sofia binti Udin

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 What is a MAP?

• A map is a picture or representation of the Earth's surface,

showing how things are related to each other by distance,
direction, and size.
• A map is a way of representing on a two-dimensional surface,
(a paper, a computer monitor, etc.) any real-world location
or object.
• A person who creates map as a profession is called
a cartographer.

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 Map Communication

• Maps communicate; they represent and help us organize

knowledge by representing a portion of the Earth’s surface.
• To design better maps, consider the cartographic
communication process with its four stages 1) Real World, 2)
Selection, 3) Generalization, and 4) Map.

Figure 1: Cartographic communication process.

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 Classification of Map
• Cartographers classify maps into :
(1) general reference or thematic,
• Designed for a special purposes, a thematic map shows the
distribution pattern of a select theme (i.e population)
2. Qualitative
• Qualitative map portrays different types of data (i.e
vegetation types)
3. quantitative
• Quantitative map communicates ranked or numeric data (
i.e city populations)

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 Thematic Map Types
(1) Dot Density Map
• Thematic dot maps use dots or
points to show a comparative
density of features over a base
map.The dots are all the same
size.
• Most dot maps are vector based
and usually do not originate from
point layers. They derive their
dots from values stored in polygon
layer attribute fields. Figure 2: Dot density map.

• Data type: Interval,

• Feature type: Polygon (sometimes
point) 5
 Thematic Map Types
2) Isoline (Isarithmic) Map
• Isoline maps use continuous lines/
contours to reference differences
across a continuous surface. Lines
connect places that have the same
value. They require at least
ordinal data, but generally use
interval or ratio data.
• Data type: Interval or Ratio
(sometimes ordinal) Figure 3: Isoline map.
Feature type: Raster or point

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 Thematic Map Types
3) Graduated Symbol Map
• Graduated symbol maps use
symbols that occur at points across
a map, but unlike dot maps, the
symbol size varies based on
quantity or magnitude
• Higher values get larger
symbols. Graduated symbol maps
depict ordinal or interval
data. The symbols can be circles, Figure 4: Graduated symbol map.
squares, or just about any form.
• Data type: Ordinal and Interval
Feature type: Polygon and point
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 Thematic Map Types
4) Choropleth Map
• Choropleth maps are the most
common and easily recognized of
the thematic maps
• They show ratios, proportions,
and percentages that are
aggregated within polygon
features. They use grays and
colors to depict each polygon’s (or
each pixel’s) attribute value. Figure 5: Choropleth map.
• Data type: Rate, proportion, or
percentage
Feature type: Raster or Polygon
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 Thematic Map Types
5) Cartogram
• Cartograms distort polygon shape
to depict the magnitude of
attribute data
• A high value within a normally
small geographic unit (polygon)
creates a large geographic unit on
the map because the size of the
polygon is based on the feature’s
attribute value. Figure 6: Cartogram.
• Data type: Interval and Ratio
Feature type: Polygon

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 Thematic Map Types
6) Flow Map
• Flow maps show the movement of
goods, people, and ideas between
places .
• Simpler types of flow maps could
depict nominal and ordinal
data. Flow maps are vector-based,
but most commercial software
packages do not have
sophisticated flow-mapping Figure 7: Flow map.
routines.
• Data type: Interval
• Feature type: Line
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 Thematic Map Types
7) Density Map
• Density maps depict the
concentration of points (and less
often lines) across a continuous
surface
• These maps most often depict
feature counts, but density can
also be derived from one of the
point layer’s attribute fields.
• Data type: Interval Figure 8: Density map.

• Feature type: Point

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 Map Design

• is a visual plan to achieve a goal

• The purpose of map design is to enhance map

communication, which is particularly important for
thematic maps.

• A well-designed map is balanced, coherent, ordered, and

interesting to look at, whereas a poorly designed map is
confusing and disoriented (Antes et al., 1985)

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 Map Elements
There is no standard layout design but all output products
should include the basic element as shown below:

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 Topographic Map
(Base Map)
• Many maps only deal with the two-dimensional location of
an object without taking into account its elevation.

• Topographic maps on the other hand to deal with the

third dimension by using contour lines to show elevation
change on the surface of the earth, (or below the surface of
the ocean).

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 How To Recognize A
Topographic Map?
• There are four criteria to be identified:
1) Title
2) Latitude and Longitude
3) Map Scale
4) Contour Lines

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 Criteria of topographic map
1) Title
• It is found in the top right hand corner of the map.

Title

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 Criteria of topographic map
2)Latitude and Longitude
• The exact latitude and longitude is given at each
corner of that map and at equally spaced intervals
between the corners.

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 Criteria of topographic map
3) Map Scale
• Map scale represents the relationship between distance on
the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
• Scale is represented in two different ways on a
topographical map. The first is a ratio scale. The ratio
scale on this map is 1:24000. What it means is that one
inch on the map represents 24000 inches on the ground.

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 Criteria of topographic map
4) Contour lines
• A contour line is a line that connects points of equal
elevation. On the topographic map, they appear as the
brown lines.

• The contour line traces the outline of the terrain at evenly

spaced elevations. These are determined by the contour
interval.

• The lines are closer together at the top of the mountain

where it is steeper. The spacing between the lines decreases
as the slope of the mountain decreases.

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Criteria of topographic map
4) Contour lines

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 Concept of Topographic Map
• Contour lines placed on the map
represent lines of equal elevation
above (or below) a reference datum.

• Contours are imaginary lines that join

points of equal elevation on the
surface of the land above or below a
reference surface, such as mean sea
level.
• A topographic map shows more than
contours. The map includes symbols
that represent such features as
streets, buildings, streams, and
vegetation. 23
 Reading Topographic Map

• Interpreting the colored lines, areas, and other symbols is

the first step in using topographic maps.

• Features are shown as points, lines, or areas, depending on

their size and extent.

• The first features usually noticed on a topographic map

are the area features, such as vegetation (green), water
(blue), and densely built-up areas (gray or red).

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 Reading Topographic Map
• The colors of the lines usually indicate similar classes of
information:

1) topographic contours (brown);

2) lakes, streams, irrigation ditches, and other
hydrographic features (blue);
3) land grids and important roads (red);
4) and other roads and trails, railroads, boundaries, and
other cultural features (black).

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 Summary
At the end of this lecture, you should’ve learnt about:

•Map designs
•Map elements
•Topographic map
•Criteria of topographic map

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Back cover
Thank you

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