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logo on slide master A Basic Guide To First Aid

Introduction
Bleeding
Fractures
Burns
Basic Guide To First Aid
Please note this is only a guide and
Poisons
does not qualify as training.
Levels of Responsiveness

Heart Disease
Chain Of Survival
C.P.R

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This is meant only as a guide & does not replace proper training 3/19/2018
 Insert workgroup What is First Aid:
logo on slide master First is the first help a casualty receives at the scene of an accident before a
doctor or ambulance arrives.
First Aid is the initial care of a suddenly sick or injured person
Introduction It is the prompt care and attention prior to the arrival of the ambulance
services or a doctor.
Bleeding
This can sometimes mean the difference between life and death.
Fractures
Burns Aims of First Aid: (3 P's) P - Preserve Life.
P - Prevent the condition worsening.
Poisons P - Promote Recovery.

Levels of Responsiveness Priorities When Treating Casualties: (The A, B, C of First Aid)

Airway, Breathing, Circulation.
Heart Disease Ensure that the airway is open and the casualty has a pulse and
respiration's. Then treat major bleeding, burns come next, and then
Chain Of Survival fractures. However an open fracture with severe bleeding comes under
bleeding. If there is more than one causality, treat the most serious one
C.P.R first. Never ignore the quiet causalities, as they could be the most serious.

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 Insert workgroup
Getting Help:
logo on slide master Make sure you phone for an ambulance as soon as possible. You
dial 999 or 112 and ask for an ambulance. You should tell your
exact location, your telephone number, the number of causalities,
Introduction whether you need any other services e.g. Garda for a road accident
or Fire Brigade if someone is trapped. Also tell them if you need
Bleeding special equipment like a cardiac ambulance or if someone is about
to give birth.
Fractures
Body Substance Isolation:
Burns Gloves should always be worn for your own safety and the safety
of the casualty. They protect you from HIV and they also protect
Poisons the causality from germs that could be on your hands. Other
personal protective equipment should be used if applicable like face
Levels of Responsiveness shields, eyewear and aprons.

Heart Disease FUNCTIONS OF A FIRST AIDER:

Assess - Check for dangers. Make the area safe and find out the
Chain Of Survival History of the situation.
Diagnose - Find out what's wrong with the causality by finding out
C.P.R their signs and symptoms and other external clues.
Treat - Treat the causalities in order of priority.
Control Panel Dispose - Send the causality to the doctors, to the hospital or home
with somebody responsible. Give them all the relevant information
they may need.
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 Insert workgroup History:
logo on slide master This is the full story of how the accident occurred. It also
should include the patients past medical history, and medication
they are on or any illness they are suffering from. Details about
Introduction the causality should also be found early on in case they go
unconscious.
Bleeding External Clues:
These can be medication they have on them or warning bracelets
Fractures that give detail about their medical History. The Medic Alert
bracelets tell you how to treat them and who to contact. Medicine
Burns for conditions like diabetes or angina could also help you.
Poisons
The most important person at the scene of an accident is the
First Aider. You should never put yourself in danger to help
Levels of Responsiveness someone else. An injured First Aider is no good. Never go into
burning buildings, near high voltage electricity wires or into
Heart Disease water. If you come across a car accident make sure the ignition is
turned off and the hand brake is on. If the car or causality is in the
Chain Of Survival middle of the road, use bystanders to stop traffic.
C.P.R

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 Insert workgroup Bleeding
logo on slide master A Wound is a crack or break in the skin that allows germs to enter
and blood to escape.
Introduction Main types of wounds : C.L.I.P.S.

Bleeding C Contused - Bruise, bleeding

under the skin.
Fractures
L Laceration - a jagged cut
Burns
caused by barbed wire.
Poisons
I Incised - a straight cut
Levels of Responsiveness caused by a knife.

Heart Disease P Puncture - deep wound

caused by a nail.
Chain Of Survival
C.P.R S Special - e.g. gunshot or
graze.
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 Insert workgroup Three categories of bleeding:
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Arterial: most serious from arteries. Bright Red and spurting.
Venous: comes from the veins. Dark red and flowing.
Introduction Capillary: least serious from capillaries. Mixture of reds and
oozing.
Bleeding
Fractures Treatment:
Apply direct pressure, Raise and support the injured limb, cover
Burns wound with a sterile dressing, treat for shock and send to hospital.
Poisons
Pressure Points:
A place which pressure can be placed to stop blood flowing to the
Levels of Responsiveness
entire limb e.g. arm. This can be used if direct pressure does not
Heart Disease work. This is where an artery can be pressed against a bone to stop
the blood flow beyond this point. They can be found in your arm
Chain Of Survival and at the top of your leg.
C.P.R
Circulation:
Control Panel You can check circulation of a casualty by pressing their nail so it
turns white. It should return back to red by the time you say
capillary refill.
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 Pulse:
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This is a throb of blood that passes along your arteries with each beat
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of your heart. It can be felt where an artery passes over a bone close
to the skin E.g. radial pulse. The pulse rate of an adult is between 60 -
Introduction 80.The average amount of blood an adult has is 8-9 litre's
Bleeding Crush Injuries:
Fractures If a casualty is trapped for more than 15 minutes you should leave
them trapped as poisons have built up. If it is release it could cause
Burns kidney failure.
Poisons
Signs & Symptoms of Blood Loss:
Levels of Responsiveness
Face & Skin: pale cold and clammy.
Pulse: fast and weak (less blood so pulse is weak as harder to find. It
Heart Disease is faster to make up for the blood loss)
Breathing: fast and shallow may gasp for air (Air Hunger)
Chain Of Survival Behaviour: May be restless, thirsty, faint, and dizzy.
C.P.R Shock:
A serious condition that occurs when the cardiovascular system is
Control Panel unable to supply enough blood flow to the body. It can be caused by a
loss of fluids or heart problems.

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 Insert workgroup Fractures
logo on slide master A Fracture is a crack or break in the bone.

Introduction CAUSES OF FRACTURES:

Direct Force: This is a blow to the body that causes the bone to break
Bleeding at the spot the blow was received.
Indirect Force: This, for example, happens when you fall and land
Fractures
on your hands but a force travels up and breaks your collar bone
Burns (Clavicle).

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 Insert workgroup TYPES OF FRACTURES:
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Open:
This is where the bone is broken and
Introduction the skin is also broken. The bone
Bleeding may be sticking out.

Fractures
Burns Closed:
This is where the bone is broken but
Poisons
the skin is still intact.
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Heart Disease
Chain Of Survival Complicated:
This can occur when either an open
C.P.R
or closed fracture causes further
Control Panel injury e.g. broken bone that cuts a
blood vessel or punctures the lung.
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 • SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:S Swelling.
Insert workgroup Pain.
logo on slide master Loss Of Movement.
Irregularity.
Noise.
Introduction Tenderness.
Shock.
Bleeding
Fractures TREATMENT:
• Steady and Support- Try to reduce pain by stopping movement.
Burns • Immobilise- Tie the legs together or put the arm in a sling.
• Open Fracture- Place a dressing on an open fracture.
Poisons
• Closed Fracture- Place a cold compress on to reduce swelling.
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• Padding- to prevent limbs grating off each other.
• Treat for Shock and send to the Hospital.
Heart Disease
TYPE OF JOINTS:
Chain Of Survival • Ball and Socket- shoulder and hip.
C.P.R • Hinge - knee and elbow.
• Slightly Moveable- spine and jaw.
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 Soft Tissue Injuries
Insert workgroup • Sprain: This is a torn ligament at a joint.
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• Strain: This is a torn or over stretched muscle.
TREATMENT:
Introduction
Bleeding R.I.C.E.
Rest Ice Compress Elevate
Fractures
Burns
Voluntary Muscles: Controlled by will e.g. your arm.
Poisons Involuntary Muscles: Controlled by central nervous system, e.g.
temperature control.
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Cramp:
Heart Disease
It is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of
Chain Of Survival muscles. To treat it, you should stretch the muscle by straightening
it and then massage it.
C.P.R
Dislocation:
Control Panel It is the displacement of a bone at a joint. Treat like a fracture.

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 Insert workgroup Burns
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Three Degrees of Burns:
Superficial burn – skin is red
Introduction and is sore. (e.g. Sunburn)
Bleeding
Partial Thickness burn – skin
Fractures is red with blisters and is painful
Burns
Poisons Full Thickness burns – black
waxy colour, nerves have been
Levels of Responsiveness burned.
Heart Disease
Six Main Types of Burns:
Chain Of Survival Cold – caused by ice.
Wet – caused by hot fluids.
C.P.R Dry – caused by dry heat like fires.
Chemical – e.g. bleach.
Control Panel Radiation – e.g. Sunburn.
Electrical – caused by electricity.
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 Insert workgroup Treatment:
logo on slide master The main treatment for burns is covering the affected area in WATER
for ten – fifteen minutes. All burns on people, which are bigger than
Introduction their own hand, or are intermediate or deep degree burns should be
sent to the hospital. For people with burns to the mouth and throat
Bleeding you should give them short sips of water.
Fractures
Burns
DO NOTS OF BURNS:
Poisons 1. Do not burst Blisters or touch the injured part.
2. Do not remove stuck on clothing.
Levels of Responsiveness 3. Do not apply ointments lotions or fats.
4. Do not apply stick plasters or cotton wool on the burn.
Heart Disease 5. Do not overcool the casualty as this can lead to hypothermia.
Chain Of Survival 6. Do not touch a person who has been a victim of an electric
shock as you could injure yourself.
C.P.R 7. Note: if a person is in contact with high voltage electricity, you
must remain 18 meters (20 yards) from them and contact the
Control Panel emergency services and inform them of the incident.

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 Insert workgroup POISONS: are substances that if taken in sufficient quantities can
logo on slide master cause temporary or permanent damage to the body.
L – Lunges by breathing fumes in.
Introduction Poisons enter the body I – Injection by needle.
through (LIAM & E) A – Absorption through your skin
Bleeding M – Mouth by swallowing things.
Fractures E – Eyes, splashes in the eye.

Burns
If someone has swallowed a poison you should bring them to hospital
Poisons with the details of the exact amount and the product they have taken.
You should never make somebody to get sick.
Levels of Responsiveness
Poisons can act either locally or generally on the body. Locally is
Heart Disease
where it reacts at the site of the burn e.g. food passage or hand.
Chain Of Survival Generally is where it affects the central nervous system and can
interfere with breathing and your heart action.
C.P.R
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK: This is a severe allergic reaction
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within the body to a poison, e.g. with bee and wasp stings.

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 Insert workgroup Nervous System:
logo on slide master It is made up of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves. It carries signal
to and from the brain to all parts of the body. It controls the activity of
the involuntary muscles e.g. the blood vessels.
Introduction
Bleeding Motor Neurons: carry messages from the brain to different parts of
the body.
Fractures Sensory Neurons: carry messages from the parts of the body to the
brain.
Burns
Unconsciousness:
Poisons It is an interruption to the brains normal activity.

Levels of Responsiveness Levels of Responsiveness:

A - Alert
Heart Disease V - Voice
P - Pain
Chain Of Survival
U - Unresponsive
C.P.R

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 Insert workgroup Recovery Position:
logo on slide master • A casualty is placed in the recovery position when they are
unconsciousness and it is to ensure an open airway and to
prevent them from choking on their tongue or vomit.
Introduction
• Causes of Unconsciousness:
Bleeding
Fractures F - Fainting
I - Infantile Convulsions
Burns S - Shock
H - Heat Imbalance
Poisons
S - Stroke
Levels of Responsiveness
H - Heart Attack
A - Asphyxia
P - Poisoning
Heart Disease E - Epilepsy
D - Diabetes
Chain Of Survival
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 Insert workgroup Head Injuries
logo on slide master • Concussion:
This is the shaking of the brain caused by a violent blow to the
Introduction head. It can be recognised by a loss of memory of events leading
up to the incident, headache and dizziness. You treat this by
Bleeding placing the person in the recovery position, monitoring vitals and
calling an ambulance. This can develop into compression.
Fractures
• Compression:
Burns This is where pressure is being placed on the brain. It can develop
immediately after the incident or days later. It will result in a
Poisons worsening in the level of response, unequal pupils, hot flushed
face and slow breathing and pulse. Urgent transportation is
Levels of Responsiveness
required.
Heart Disease • Skull Fracture:
It can lead to compression and concussion. There may be a soft
Chain Of Survival depression in the skull or swelling, and there may be fluid coming
from the nose or ears which is a straw colour or can also be a thin
C.P.R
watery blood fluid.
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 • Epilepsy:
Insert workgroup It is a disturbance in the electrical activity in the brain. There are
logo on slide master two types: minor epilepsy (Petite Mal) and major epilepsy (Grand
Mal). The minor epilepsy can involve slight twitching and
Introduction switching off. Major epilepsy is when a casualty goes into violent
and reoccurring seizures. Your main treatment is to protect the
Bleeding casualty from injuring themselves and also to call an ambulance.
• Infantile Convulsions:
Fractures These are fits in young children aged 1 - 5, which can be cause by
Burns infections and fevers. You try to keep them cool by sponging
them with tepid water and remove their clothes. You reassure the
Poisons parents and call an ambulance.
• Stroke:
Levels of Responsiveness This is where the blood flow to a part of the brain is impaired by a
blood clot. There may be a sudden headache, drooping lip, loss of
Heart Disease movement on one side of the body, a slow pulse and they may
seem drunk as they are confused.
Chain Of Survival • Diabetes:
C.P.R This is where the body is unable to regulate the sugar level in the
body. There is Hyperglycaemia where the sugar level is too high
and they have to take insulin and there is Hypoglycaemia where
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the sugar level is too low and they need to take more sugar e.g.
Lucozade or chocolate.
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 Insert workgroup
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Introduction Heart Disease

Bleeding • Heart Disease is one of the biggest killers in the Western World,
which can lead to heart attacks, angina and possibly death. There
Fractures are many factors which cause Heart Disease and they can be
broken into Changeable factors and Unchangeable. Changeable
Burns factors are ones we have control over. Unfortunately we cannot
change the unchangeable factors, so if your a Irish male over 50
Poisons with a family history of heart problems, you have high risk of
having Heart Disease.
Levels of Responsiveness
Unchangeable Factors Changeable Factors
Heart Disease
R - Race
A - Age Obesity
Chain Of Survival S - Sex Lack of Exercise
H - Hereditary Smoking
C.P.R High Blood
Pressure
Stress
Control Panel Diabetes

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 Insert workgroup Heart Attack
logo on slide master It most commonly occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart
is suddenly obstructed due to a blockage. It is very serious and can
cause cardiac arrest.
Introduction Signs & Symptoms:
Bleeding • A dull chest pain that can radiate to the jaw and the left arm.
• Shortness of breath.
Fractures • Can feel like severe indigestion.
• "Ashen" skin and blueness of lips.
Burns
Treatment:
Poisons Reassure the casualty and place them in a half sitting position to ease
the pressure on the heart. Call for an ambulance and constantly
Levels of Responsiveness monitor and record the casualties vital signs (Pulse and breathing
rate). If they have any medication help them to take it. If the pain
Heart Disease persists and they are fully conscious give them one tablet of ordinary
Chain Of Survival Aspirin to chew.

C.P.R

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 Angina
Insert workgroup
logo on slide master This is the narrowing of an artery
that can be brought on by exertion
but is usually relieved by
Introduction
rest. People with a history of angina
Bleeding usually carry a spray (Glyceryl
Trinitrate) that they spray under
Fractures
their tongue to relieve the attack.
Burns Treatment:
Get the casualty to rest in a
Poisons
comfortable position and reassure
Levels of Responsiveness
them. If they have any medication
help them to take it. If the pain
Heart Disease persists call an ambulance, and
suspect a heart attack.
Chain Of Survival
C.P.R

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 Insert workgroup Chain of Survival
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Introduction
Bleeding
Fractures The chain of survival show the essential links in trying to save a
Burns persons life. It shows that survival of a cardiac arrest patient
depends on a series of critical interventions. If any of these critical
Poisons actions is delayed or neglected survival is unlikely.
• Early Accesses- The first intervention is to get to the patient as
Levels of Responsiveness soon as possible and to call an ambulance.
• Early CPR- You must then commence CPR to artificially keep
Heart Disease
the person breathing and some blood circulating.
Chain Of Survival • Early Defibrillation- As you have already called an ambulance
advanced medical help should come and use a defibrillator.
C.P.R • Early Advanced Care- This is specialised treatment to stabilise
the casualties condition quickly and efficiently.
Control Panel Each link is as important as the others and the casualties chance of
survival is greatest if you follow those steps.
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 Insert workgroup Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
logo on slide master This is the skill necessary to artificially provide circulation of
blood to the brain and air to the lungs in order to prevent damage
Introduction to the brain. It is done till medical help arrives.
It is only ever preformed on someone who is Unconscious, Not
Bleeding Breathing, No Pulse or signs of circulation.
Fractures Over the next few slides you will be shown the theory of CPR. It
Burns is very easy to learn and it is recommened that you attend a
training course which will give you practice at preforming CRP.
Poisons

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 Insert workgroup Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
logo on slide master • CPR is a resuscitation technique that is used to maintain
circulation until help arrives by providing artificial
respiration's and chest compressions to a casualty.
Introduction • "Shake & Shout". You do this by shaking there shoulders
and saying "Hello, can you hear me?". If they do not
Bleeding answer, it means that they are unconscious.
• You must then Send for Help. If there is a bystander get
Fractures them to call an ambulance, if there aren't any you must call
an Ambulance as any unconscious casualty will need to go
Burns to hospital.
• You then check if they have an airway, are breathing. You
Poisons do this by checking the A. B. of the casualty. They Stand
for Airway, Breathing & Circulation.
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 Insert workgroup Airway
logo on slide master • You must now open the casualties airway by first tilting
the head back by placing two fingers under the
Introduction casualties chin and your other hand on their forehead.
You then check to see if there is any obvious blockages
Bleeding
to the airway by looking around the casualties mouth. If
Fractures you see anything you can remove it by sweeping it out
Burns with your finger.
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 Insert workgroup Breathing
logo on slide master • Next, you check the if the casualty is breathing by Look, Look,
Listening and Feeling for a breath for 10 seconds. You do this
by placing your cheek above the casualties mouth and you look
Introduction to see if the chest is rising and falling, you listen to see if you can
Bleeding hear the casualties breath and you try to feel their breath on your
cheek.
Fractures
Burns
Poisons
If the casualty is not breathing, you then must Give Two Rescue
Levels of Responsiveness Breaths to the casualty . You do this by forming a tight seal with
your mouth around their mouth. You pinch the nose and breath into
Heart Disease the casualty. When you do this make sure the chest rises, and that
you don't breath to hard as this can force air into their stomach
Chain Of Survival which can cause them to vomit. Make sure you remove your lips
C.P.R between rescue breaths so the casualty can allow the air to escape.

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 Insert workgroup • If there is signs of breathing you must start to give 30
logo on slide master Chest Compressions.
• You kneel right beside the casualties chest and remove the
Introduction casualties top.
• You then find the position to give the compressions by
Bleeding running your index finger along the bottom of the ribs till
Fractures you come to the centre part.
• You then place two fingers above that point and place the
Burns heal of your other hand down directly above your fingers.
Poisons This is the point at which you should apply pressure.
• You then place your other hand on top and lock your
Levels of Responsiveness fingers and elbows.
• You then lean over the casualty and press vertically down
Heart Disease
to compress the chest 1½ to 2 inches.
Chain Of Survival
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 Insert workgroup After the 30 compressions you have completed your first cycle of 2
logo on slide master breaths and 30 compressions. After Five Cycles You Recheck for
Signs of Circulation. If it is still absent you continue with another
five cycles. However if it is present you check if the casualty is
Introduction
breathing. If they are not breathing you commence Artificial
Bleeding Respiration by giving a rescue breath every 5 seconds and
checking the pulse after every 10th breath. If they are breathing you
Fractures place them in the recovery position and treat any life threatening
Burns injuries.
Poisons

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