Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Akhila Krishna
Athira Ravi
Mohammed Afsal
Mohammed basil
Sairsree s Nair
Kiran Dinesh
Surabhi M Nair
Architectural conservation describes the process through
which the material, historical, and design integrity of
humanity's built heritage are prolonged through carefully
planned interventions.
The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an
architectural conservator-restorer. Decisions of when and
how to engage in an intervention are critical to the
ultimate conservation-restoration of cultural heritage.
Ultimately, the decision is value based: a combination of
artistic, contextual, and informational values is normally
considered.
In some cases, a decision to not intervene may be the most
appropriate choice.
The first requisite in conserving any building is
a sensitive assessment of its history and merits.
Every building has its own biography.
The Parthenon in Athens, originally built (447
to 432 BC) as a temple, subsequently served as
a Christian church, a mosque, and a powder
magazine before it became one of the world’s
greatest attractions for the tourist and art lover.
A knowledge of the whole life of a building
brings an essential understanding of its
features and its problems.
Next, the conservator needs a
thorough measured survey.
Generally, this is prepared by
hand, with tape and rod and
level. Modern measuring
techniques, including
photogrammetry and
stereophotogrammetry, are
also used and are quick and
remarkably accurate.
Third, the architect or surveyor analyzes the structural stability of the subject
and its living pattern of movement.
Not only of itself but also allied with almost every other trouble, damp
accelerates decay. Weather may be penetrating through whole surfaces,
such as porous brickwork, or finding its way through cracks or defects
in the roofing.
This traps moisture along the lines of the joints, bringing any harmful salts to
the surface, where they crystallize and damage the facing. Mortar jointing
should always be softer than the brick or stone of a wall.
Much decay is the result of poor construction. Defects are almost always
accelerated by the simple contravention of good building practice. In walling, a
typical cause of structural instability is a double-skin construction with rough
rubble between in which, by uneven loading, one skin has been caused to bulge
and to release loose material in the core of the wall.
Once on the move, this rapidly gains momentum as a live wedge, forcing apart
its two faces.
The conservator will insert temporary support, then remedy any uneven
loading and rebuild the affected area. In some cases, after loose material is
washed out, the unseen cavities can be grouted up, which strengthens a wall
without disturbing the facing stonework.
The roof is a building’s first defense. It must be impervious and collect water
clear of a building. Roof finishes are commonly either of unit materials such as
tiles, slates, or stone or of boarding covered in sheet metal, such as lead.
The failure of unit materials is usually caused by decay of fixings. Iron nails are
especially destructive and are best replaced by nonferrous materials, such as
copper. The battens that carry the tiles or slates have a longer lifespan but also
need periodic renewal.
Leadwork failure is usually the result of sheer age. This material has a very
long life but, if used in sheets of excessive size, has a tendency to buckle and
creep as a result of expansion—especially in sunshine.
Lead work can readily be recast or can be repaired by lead burning a new
patch to the original lead.
The chief enemies of timber are the natural predators of the forest— fungi
and wood-boring insects. The most voracious fungus that attacks building
timbers is dry rot (Margulies lachrymals).
This can spread along infected wood to sound timber, carrying its own
moisture supply.
It extracts cellulose, which forms the chief part of plant cells, and leaves
behind a tindery and useless shell. Stagnant air and warmth accelerate its
spread. Eradication must be thorough, or the trouble will rapidly reestablish
itself. Modern fungicides are highly effective.
Wood-boring insects include the furniture and deathwatch beetles. From eggs
laid in cracks, the larvae tunnel into timber and damage it before emerging as
beetles to lay more eggs. The deathwatch beetle inhabits mostly the outer
sapwood of oak, when wet or softened by rot. The furniture beetle lives mostly
in deal, especially when sappy or damp. Both of these species can be eradicated
with modern pesticides.