Biology:

Cell
Lecturer :
Yuyun Wirasasmita, M.Farm., Apt
At STIKES IST Buton
So far ...

• What have you learned

about cell ?
• What is teh last course
you study, regarding
cell ?
 Review :
1. Type of cell :
a. Prokaryotic; bacteria
b. Eukaryotic; from protist to mammals
2. Virus, and special characteristics of plant cells
Virus occupy a special spot between the living and the non-
living organism because it has the same molecules as living
cells, and yet they are incapable of independent existence.
Plants, have their own rigid cell wall that gives shape and
structural rigidity to the organism. It contains vacuola that
occupy up to 75% of the cell volume and contains high
concentrated sugar and other soluble compounds. Water
enters the vacuola to dilute these sugar and creates
hydrostatic pressure (as seen in inflated inner tube inside
bycycle tire becomes rigid and stiff). Plant cells also contain
chloroplast to acomodate photosynthesis.

Bolsover, S. R., et al. Cell Biology, 2nd ed. (2004).

Continue..
Organels
• consist of ; ...
• Their function ; ...
Cells specialization (types of tissue)
1. Epithelia : sheets of cells covering surface of the body and lining its
internal cavities such lungs and intestines (villies and microvili, and
cilia on bronchioles epithelial surfaces)
2. Connective tissue : includes bone, cartilage, and adipose. They
provide essential support for other tissues in the body. Of the many
cell types found in connective tissues, two main important are
fibroblasts that secretes fiber and ground substances, and
macrophage which removes foreign, dead material from it. (many
disease are originated from malfunction of these two type of cells)
3. Nervous tissue : a highly modified epithelium. Principally are
neurons, axons, glia.
4. Muscle : smooth (contracts long and slowly, usually found in walls of
tubular organ e.g intestines and blood vessel) and striated mainly
cardiac and skeletal muscle.

Bolsover, S. R., et al. Cell Biology, 2nd ed. (2004).

Now, continuing our course

Cell Metabolism
All process occurs
within a living cells
NADH & ultimately driven by
ENERGY energy taken from
ATP
outside. Green plants
and some bacteria
takes from sunlight.
Other organism, take
deplet compounds made
es using sunlight and
break them down to
release energy, a
process called
METABOLISM catabolism, by
oxydizing them.
Energy trapped in the
Bolsover, S. R., et al. Cell Biology, 2nd ed . (2004).currency can then be
used for building,
Do you have energy?
• When you think about food, protein, and
energy,what may come to mind is the quick meal
you squeeze in before racing off to your next
activity. But while you move on, your cells are
transforming the food into fuel (ATPin this case)
for energy and growth.
• As your digestive system works on an apple or a
turkey sandwich, it breaks the food down into
different parts, including molecules of a sugar
called glucose. Through a series of chemical
reactions, mitochondria transfer energy in
conveniently sized packets from glucose into ATP.
All that’s left are carbon dioxide and water, which
are discarded as wastes
U.S Dept. Of Health & Human Services. Inside The Cell (2005)
• ATP is plentifully produced and used
in virtually every type of cell. A
typical cell contains about 1 billion
molecules of ATP at any given time.
In many cells, all of this ATP is used
up and replaced every 1 to 2
minutes!
Continue..
Mainly a group of
process that occurs
simultanously and
feeds eachother at
the same time. It
takes energy but
also releases even
more, which then
can be used for
other homeostatic
or chemical reaction
process in the body.
The main process
are :
Glycolysis
Glucogenesis
synthesis of
Bolsover, S. R., et al. Cell Biology, 2nd ed. (2004). pyruvate to form
Acetyl CoA
Continue ..
• Glycolysis : takes place in cytosol, simply means
the breakdown of glucose (in form of piruvate)
and function without oxygen. Overall uses 2 ATP
and produces 4 more.
• Glucogenesys : takes place in the liver, where
glycogen is converted back into glucose to
provide energy source when there is none in the
gut.
• Gluconeogenesys : when pyruvate is converted
back into glucose (protein as source)
• Protein is the only metabolism source that does
not store it’s excess product (urea is eliminated
through kidney, keton bodies might piled up in the
case S.
Bolsover, ofR.,
metabolic starvation,
et al. Cell Biology, e.g untreated
2nd ed . (2004).
diabetic condition)
Intercelluler Transport
 PLASMA MEMBRAN
SEMI-PERMIABEL
MOLEKUL KECIL HIDROPOBIK
O 2, , CO 2 , N 2 , BENZENA

MOLEKUL KECIL POLAR

H 2O, GLISEROL,ETANOL

SENYAWA LIPOFILIK=HIDROPOBIK

ZAT ANORGANIK DAN

ORGANIK LARUT AIR (HIDROPIL)
GLUKOSA, ASAM AMINO, NUKLEOTIDA

TRANSPORT
ION DAN ORGANIK POLAR
- PASIF
- AKTIF (ENERGI)
TERIONISASI

OBAT
TAK TERIONISASI
Thank You,
See you next lecture ..