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PROGRAMME 4
DETERMINANTS
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
a1x + b1 y + d1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + d2 = 0
results in:
ì ü
b1d2 -b2 d1 ï a1d2 -a2 d1 ï
x= and y= - í ý
a1b2 -a2b1 ï a b -a b ï
î 1 2 2 1þ
a1b2 - a2b1 �0
Determinants
a1 b1
a1b2 - a2b1 =
a2 b2
The symbol:
a1 b1 a1 b1
(evaluated by cross multiplication as )
a2 b2 a2 b2
Is called a second-order determinant; second-order because it has two rows
and two columns.
Determinants
Therefore:
b1 d1 a1 d1
b2 d2 a2 d2
x= and y = -
a1 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2 a2 b2
That is:
x -y
= = 1
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
b2 d2 a2 d 2 a2 b2
Determinants
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
The three determinants: b , and
2 d2 a2 d2 a2 b2 can be obtained
from the two equations a1x + b1 y + d1 = 0 as follows:
a2 x + b2 y + d2 = 0
a1 b1
omit the constant terms to form D0 =
a2 b2
b1 d1
omit the x terms to form D1 =
b2 d2
a1 d1
omit the y terms to form D2 =
a2 d2
Determinants
The equations:
x -y
= = 1
b1 d1 a1 d1 a1 b1
b2 d2 a2 d 2 a2 b2
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
A third-order determinant has three rows and three columns. Each element
of the determinant has an associated minor – a second order determinant
obtained by eliminating the row and column to which it is common. For
example:
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2
the minor of a1 is obtained thus a2 b2 c2
b3 c3
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b
a2 b2 c2 = a1 2 - b1 2 + c1 2 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3
+ - + -
- + - +
+ - + -
- + - +
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
The equations:
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0
have solution:
x -y z -1
= = =
b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 a1 b1 d1 a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d 2 a2 b2 d2 a2 b2 c2
b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 a3 b3 d3 a3 b3 c3
x - y z -1
= = =
where: D1 D 2 D3 D 0
D0 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the constant terms
D1 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the x terms
D2 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the y terms
D3 is the determinant of the coefficents omitting the z terms
from the equations:
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 d2 = 0
a3 b3 d3
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Determinants
Determinants of third order
Simultaneous equations in three unknowns
Consistency of a set of equations
Properties of determinants
Properties of determinants
a1 a2 a1 b1
=
b1 b2 a2 b2
Properties of determinants
2. If two rows (or columns) are interchanged, the sign of the determinant is
changed:
a2 b2 a1 b1
=-
a1 b1 a2 b2
Properties of determinants
3. If two rows (or columns) are identical, the value of the determinant is
zero:
a1 a1
=0
a2 a2
Properties of determinants
4. If the elements of any one row (or column) are all multiplied by a
common factor, the determinant is multiplied by that factor:
ka1 kb1 a1 b1
=k
a2 b2 a2 b2
Properties of determinants
5. If the elements of any one row (or column) are increased by equal
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
the value of the determinant is unchanged:
a1 + kb1 b1 a1 b1 a1 b1 a1 b1
= and =
a2 + kb2 b2 a2 b2 a2 + ka1 b2 + kb1 a2 b2
Expand a 2 × 2 determinant
Expand a 3 × 3 determinant