ECE

Engr. Marcelo V. Rivera

𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝜺𝐄 = 𝜌𝑣 (6.1)
𝐄 = −𝛻𝑉 (6.2)
𝛻 ∙ −𝜀𝛻𝑉 = 𝜌𝑣 (6.3)

2
𝜌𝑣
𝛻 𝑉=− (6.4)
𝜀
𝛻2𝑉 = 0 (6.5)
 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉 (6.6)
2
+ 2+ 2 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉
𝜌 + 2 2+ 2 =0 (6.7)
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑧

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕2𝑉
2
𝑟 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2 2 (6.8)
𝑟 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕∅2
 𝛻 2 𝑉1 = 0 𝛻 2 𝑉2 = 0 (6.9a)
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 on the boundary (6.9b)

𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 (6.10)

𝛻 2 𝑉𝑑 = 𝛻 2 𝑉2 − 𝛻 2 𝑉1 = 0 (6.11a)
𝑉𝑑 = 0 (6.11b)
 න 𝛻 ∙ 𝐀𝑑𝑣 = ර 𝐀 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 (6.12)
𝑣 𝑆

𝛻 ∙ 𝐀 = 𝛻𝑉𝑑 ∙ 𝛻𝑉𝑑 (6.13)

න 𝛻𝑉𝑑 ∙ 𝛻𝑉𝑑 𝑑𝑣 = ර 𝑉𝑑 𝛻𝑉𝑑 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 (6.14)

𝑣 𝑆

𝛻𝑉𝑑 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 (6.15)
 Current-carrying components in high-voltage power
equipment must be cooled to carry away the heat caused by
ohmic losses. A means of pumping is based on the force
transmitted to the cooling fluid by charges in an electric field.
The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping is modeled in the
figure. The region between the electrodes contains a uniform
charge 𝜌𝑜 , which is generated at the left electrode and
collected at the right electrode. Calculate the pressure of the
pump if 𝜌𝑜 = 25mC/m3 and 𝑉𝑜 = 22kV.
Figure:
 𝐹
𝜌 = = 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 = 25 × 10−3 × 22 × 103 = 550N/m2
𝑆
 The xerographic copying machine is an important application of
electrostatics. The surface of the photoconductor is initially charged
uniformly as in Figure. When light from the document to be copied is
focused on the photoconductor, the charges on the lower surface
combine with those on the upper surface to neutralize each other.
The image is developed by pouring a charged black powder over the
surface of the photoconductor. The electric field attracts the charged
powder, which is later transferred to paper and melted to form a
permanent image. We want to determine the electric field below and
above the surface of the photoconductor.
 𝜌𝑆 a𝑥
E1 = −𝐴1 𝐚𝑥 =
𝜀2 𝑑 𝜀2
𝜀1 1 + −
𝜀1 𝑎 𝜀1

𝑑
−𝜌𝑆 − 1 𝐚𝑥
𝑎
E2 = −𝐴1 𝐚𝑥 =
𝜀2 𝑑 𝜀2
𝜀1 1 + −
𝜀1 𝑎 𝜀1
 Semiinfinite conducting planes ∅ = 0 and ∅ = 𝜋/6 are
separated by an infinitesimal insulating gap as in
Figure. If 𝑉(∅ = 0) = 0 and 𝑉(∅ = 𝜋/6) = 100𝑉,
calculate V and E in the region between the planes.
 Figure
 600
𝑉= ∅
𝜋

600
E= 𝐚∅
𝜋𝜌
(a) Determine the potential function for the region inside the
rectangular trough of infinite length whose cross section is
shown in Figure 6.7.
(b) For 𝑉𝑜 = 100 𝑉 and 𝑏 = 2𝑎, find the potential at 𝑥 = 𝑎/2,
𝑦 = 3𝑎/4.
Figure:
In the last example, find the potential distribution if 𝑉𝑜 is not
constant but
(a) 𝑉𝑜 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜋𝑥/𝑏, 𝑦 = 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏

𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
(b) 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,𝑦 = a, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏
𝑏 10 𝑏
 Obtain the separated differential equations for
potential distribution 𝑉(𝜌, ∅, 𝑧) in a charge free
region.
 ‫𝑉‬ ‫𝐥𝑑 ∙ 𝐄 ׬‬
‫= =𝑅‬ ‫)‪(6.16‬‬
‫𝐒𝑑 ∙ 𝐄𝜎 ׯ 𝐼‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫𝐥𝑑 ∙ 𝐄 ‪𝑉 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = − න‬‬ ‫)‪(6.17‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫𝐒𝑑 ∙ 𝐄 ׯ 𝜺 𝑄‬
‫= =𝐶‬ ‫)‪(6.18‬‬
‫𝑉‬ ‫𝐥𝑑 ∙ 𝐄 ׬‬
 𝑄
𝜌𝑆 = (6.19)
𝑆
𝑄
𝐄 = − 𝐚x (6.20)
𝜀𝑆
1 𝑑
𝑄 𝑄𝑑
𝑉 = − න 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐥 = − න − 𝐚x ∙ 𝑑𝑥𝐚x = (6.21)
2 0 𝜀𝑆 𝜀𝑆

𝑄 𝜀𝑆 (6.22)
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑
 𝐶
𝜀𝑟 = (6.23)
𝐶𝑜

1 2 1 𝑄2 (6.24)
𝑊𝐸 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑄𝑉 =
2 2 2𝐶
 𝑄 = 𝜀 ර 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝜀𝐸𝑝 2𝜋𝜌𝐿 (6.25)
𝑄
𝐄= 𝐚𝜌
2𝜋𝜀𝜌𝐿 (6.26)
1 𝑎
𝑄 𝑄 𝑏
𝑉 = − න 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝒍 = − න 𝐚𝜌 ∙ 𝑑𝜌𝐚𝝆 = 𝑙𝑛 (6.27)
2 𝑏 2𝜋𝜀𝜌𝐿 2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑎

𝑄 2𝜋𝜀𝐿
𝐶= = (6.28)
𝑉 𝑏
𝑙𝑛
𝑎
 𝑄 = 𝜀 ර 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝜀Er 4π𝑟 2 (6.29)

𝑄
E= 2
𝐚𝐫 (6.30)
4𝜋𝜀𝑟
1 𝒂
𝑄 𝑄 1 1
𝑉 = − න 𝐄 ∙ 𝑑𝒍 = − න 2
𝐚𝐫 ∙ 𝑑𝑟𝐚𝒓 = − (6.31)
2 𝒃 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑎 𝑏

𝑄 4𝜋𝜀
𝐶= = (6.32)
𝑉 1−1
𝑎 𝑏
 𝐶1 𝐶2 (6.33)
𝐶=
𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 (6.34)
𝜀
𝑅𝐶 = (6.35)
𝜎
𝜀𝑆 𝑑
𝐶= , 𝑅= (6.36)
𝑑 𝜎𝑆
 𝑏
2𝜋𝜀𝐿 𝑙𝑛 (6.37)
𝐶= , 𝑅= 𝑎
𝑏 2𝜋𝜎𝐿
𝑙𝑛
𝑎
1 1
4𝜋𝜀 −
𝐶= , 𝑅=𝑎 𝑏 (6.38)
1 1 4𝜋𝜎
−
𝑎 𝑏
1
𝐶 = 4𝜋𝜀𝑎, 𝑅= (6.39)
4𝜋𝜎𝑎
A metal bar of conductivity a is bent to form a flat
90° sector of inner radius a, outer radius b, and thickness t
as shown in Figure. Show that
(a) the resistance of the bar between the vertical curved
𝑏
2𝑙𝑛
𝑎
surfaces at 𝜌 = 𝑎 and 𝜌 = 𝑏 is 𝑅 = and;
𝜎𝜋𝑡
(b) the resistance between the two horizontal surfaces at
′ 4𝑡
𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 𝑡 is 𝑅 = 2 2
𝜎𝜋(𝑏 −𝑎 )
Figure:
 A coaxial cable contains an insulating material of
conductivity 𝜎. If the radius of the central wire is a
and that of the sheath is b, show that the
conductance of the cable per unit length is
2𝜋𝜎
𝐺=
ln 𝑏/𝑎
 Conducting spherical shells with radii 𝑎 = 10cm and 𝑏 =
30cm are maintained at a potential difference of 100𝑉 such
that 𝑉(𝑟 = 𝑏) = 0 and 𝑉(𝑟 = 𝑎) = 100𝑉. Determine V and E
in the region between the shells. If 𝜀𝑟 = 2.5 in the region,
determine the total charge induced on the shells and the
capacitance of the capacitor.
Figure:
 Determine the capacitance of each of the
capacitors in Figure. Take 𝜀𝑟1 = 4, 𝜀𝑟1 = 6, 𝑑 =
2
5mm, 𝑆 = 30cm .
Figure:
 A cylindrical capacitor has radii 𝑎
= 1 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑏 =
2.5cm. If the space between the plates is filled
with an inhomogeneous dielectric with 𝜀𝑟 =
(10 + 𝜌)/𝜌, where 𝜌 is in centimeters, find the
capacitance per meter of the capacitor.
 E = E+ + E− (6.37)

𝑄𝑟1 −𝑄𝑟1
= +
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑟 1 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑟 3 2
3
(6.38)
𝑟1 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (0, 0, ℎ) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 − ℎ)
𝑟2 = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − (0, 0, −ℎ) = (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + ℎ)
(6.39)
𝑄 𝑥𝐚𝐱 + 𝑦𝐚𝒚 + (𝑧 − ℎ)𝐚𝒛 𝑥𝐚𝐱 + 𝑦𝐚𝒚 + (𝑧 + ℎ)𝐚𝒛
E= 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
− 𝟐
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝒙 + 𝒚 + (𝒛 − 𝒉) 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + (𝒛 + 𝒉)𝟐 𝟑/𝟐