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Fundamentals
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5 - Backbone and Horizontal
Distribution Systems
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Chapter 5 - Backbone and Horizontal
Distribution Systems
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Backbone distribution systems connect the
equipment rooms, telecommunications rooms
(TRs), and entrance facilities
Two types of connections exist: intrabuilding, are made
between the floors of multistory buildings; and
interbuilding, those made between buildings
Intrabuilding backbones link all of a building’s cross-
connects, which mechanically terminate and administer
building wiring
Interbuilding backbones link intermediate cross-connects
in other buildings to the main cross-connect
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Backbone Distribution Systems
All backbone cabling in the distribution system links
three types of cross-connects:
Horizontal cross-connects (HCs), which consist of
horizontal cabling using jumpers, patch cords and other
hardware; main cross-connects (MCs), the primary
connection and flexibility point within a network; and
intermediate cross-connects (ICs) between first- and
second-level backbones
Backbone cabling connects the equipment and runs from
the equipment room to the various TRs; depending on the
size of the building(s) involved, these TRs house either
the ICs or the HCs
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Intrabuilding backbones:
Consist of multipair copper or optical-fiber cables and
their supporting hardware
Connect all the HCs or ICs in a building to the MC
ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-A standard requires all backbone
cabling to be a star or hierarchical star topology
Backbone topology differs from that of a network in the
following ways: they connect multiple network segments;
they can connect and support different topologies; they
provide support for all modes of communication
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Intrabuilding backbones (cont.):
In the star topology, individual nodes are linked to the HC,
which is connected directly to the MC
In hierarchical star, some or all of the HCs are linked to an
IC, which in turn is linked to the building’s MC
In general, the star topology is the better design choice,
unless in large buildings, such as high-rises
Choose the topology based on: the types and sizes of
cable available; the hardware necessary; the size of the
site and number of end users; the installation labor
required; the applications used
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Interbuilding backbones:
Link the HC or IC in various buildings to the MC
Is the network segment that gives distributions designers
and users the most options, but is also most affected by
physical considerations
ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-A standard requires interbuilding
backbones to be the hierarchical star topology
The better design for small networks is a single-level
hierarchical star because: it provides a single point of
control; allows testing and reconfiguration; easier
maintenance and security; increased flexibility
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Selecting backbone distribution media
considerations:
The recognized cable types are: multimode optical fiber;
single-mode optical fiber; 100-ohm twisted-pair
Often a single cable type will not satisfy all user
requirements and if more that one medium is used, make
sure they all use the same facility architecture
Consider the following factors when choosing medium: its
flexibility with respect to the supported services; the
required useful life; the size of the site and number of
users
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Selecting backbone distribution media (cont.):
Whenever possible, first determine the different service
requirements, then group them into similar services, such
as voice, display terminal, LAN, and other digital
connections; next identify the individual media types and
project each group’s quantities
When deciding on backbone cable size, first know how
many workstations are served by each TR and how many
pairs the horizontal cabling provides
When selecting backbone cable, know the maximum
backbone distances for each medium
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Selecting backbone distribution media (cont.):
Fiber cables are available with different sheaths for indoor
(intrabuilding) and outdoor (interbuilding)
Backbone fiber cable consists of optical fibers with
individually colored buffer jackets of flame-retardant
polymer; the cable is stranded around central strength
member, providing a rugged cable
When using fiber for the backbone, plan to use at least a
six-fiber cable for each TR, however, a 24-fiber cable is
highly recommended; typically fibers reserved are: six for
LANs, six for redundancy, and twelve for growth
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Selecting backbone distribution media (cont.):
Plastic insulated conductor (PIC) cable is twisted-pair
designed to ease cable-pair identification
Each pair is color-coded in groups of 25 pairs; these pairs
are placed together in a binder group, which is identified
by a color-coded binder wrapping
PIC cables are usually available in sizes ranging from 6 to
4200 pairs
The cables are manufactured in various designs for aerial,
buried, underground, and in-building applications
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Backbone Distribution Systems
Selecting the main cross-connect hardware:
The main cross-connect is the primary connection and
flexibility point within a network
Depending on the number of copper pairs necessary to
terminate at the main cross-connect, the cross-connection
hardware can be wall- or rack-mounted
The main cross-connect is generally located in the
equipment room; when selecting the location for this
room, consider that the room should be: accessible for
large equipment delivery, not constricted for expansion,
not below the water level
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Horizontal Distribution Systems
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Horizontal Distribution Systems
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Documenting the Cable Plant
Labeling:
Label all cable runs, equipment, patch panels, and jacks
with a name/number clearly identifying them
Document cable test results and problems with
the cable plant
Once a cable passes its requisite tests, label it and move
on to the next cable
When there are any concerns about the cable plant,
include them in the documentation
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Documenting Equipment Rooms
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Chapter Summary
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Chapter Summary
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Chapter Summary
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Chapter Summary
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