Sistem Kontrol

Generator Sinkron

SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK PLN

Nopember 2015
PLTA 6400 MW di Rusia
PLTA 2600 Mw Chief Joseph Dam
di Sungai Columbia USA
Adjustable vanes that regulate the flow of water in the hydraulic
turbine.
Turbin Francis 700 MW
Torque-speed and mechanical power-speed characteristics of a
hydraulic turbine (i.e., a Francis turbine) for various openings of the
adjustable vanes of the turbine.
Mechanical Power – speed Characteristics at the
hydraulic turbine increases
Torque –speed characteristics at the hydraulic turbine increases
Speed Droop Governor
(Regulated Governor)
Feedback mekanik berfungsi untuk memperkuat gaya dan stroke posisi throttle
rod melalui hydrolic servomotor
Sistem kontrol kecepatan putar Turbin Pelton
Sistem Kontrol Kecepatan Turbin Francis dan Kaplan (Vane
– Wicket gate)
Kontrol kecepatan turbin reaksi dengan
pengaturan wicket gates.
GENERATOR SINKRON
Synchronous Generators

• Are the primary source of all electrical energy

• Commonly used to convert the mechanical power
output of steam turbines, gas turbines,
reciprocating engines, hydro turbines into electrical
power for the grid
• Can be extremely large – power ratings up to
1500MW!!!
• Are known as synchronous machines because
they operate at synchronous speed (speed of
rotor always matches supply frequency)
Synchronous Generators:
Operating Principle
• The rotor is mounted on a shaft driven by mechanical
prime mover
• A field winding (rotating or stationary) carries a DC
current to produce a constant magnetic field.
• An AC voltage is induced in the 3-phase armature
winding (stationary or rotating) to produce electrical
power.
• The electrical frequency of the 3- phase output
depends upon the mechanical speed and the number
of pole.
Types of Synchronous Generators
• Stationary field (rotating armature)
• Revolving field (rotating field)
Stationary Field Synchronous
Generator
• Poles on the stator (field winding) are supplied with DC to
create a stationary magnetic field.
• Armature winding on rotor consists of a 3-phase winding
whose terminals connect to 3 slip-rings on the shaft.
• Brushes connect the armature to the external 3-phase
load
• This arrangement works for low power machines
(<5kVA). For higher powers (& voltages), issues with
brushes and insulation of rotor windings.

GENERATOR SINKRON
Revolving Field Synchronous Generator
• Most common – also known as alternator
• Stationary armature with 3-phase winding on
stator
• 3-phases directly connected to load
• Rotating magnetic field created by DC field
winding on rotor, powered by slip-rings / brushes
Producing the DC field
• For both stationary and revolving fields, DC supply is
normally produced by DC generator mounted on same
shaft as rotor.
• Permanent magnets can also produce DC field – used
increasingly in smaller machines as magnets get
cheaper.
Number of Poles
The number of poles on a synchronous
generator depends upon the speed of
rotation and desired frequency

Where f = frequency of the induced

voltage (Hz)
p = number of poles on the rotor
n = speed of the rotor (rpm)
Synchronous Generator: Stator
• From an electrical standpoint, the stator of a
synchronous generator is identical to that of a 3-
phase induction motor (cylindrical laminated core
containing slots carrying a 3-phase winding).
• The nominal line voltage of a synchronous
generator depends upon its kVA rating – the
greater the power, the higher the voltage
• The nominal line voltage seldom exceeds 25kV,
since the increased slot insulation takes up
valuable space at the expense of copper
conductors
STATOR GENERATOR SINKRON
Synchronous Generator: Rotor
• Salient-pole rotors
– Used for low speed applications (<300rpm) which
require large number of poles to achieve required
frequencies (e.g. Hydro turbines)

• Cylindrical rotors
– Used for high-speed applications (steam/gas turbines).
– Minimum number of poles is 2, so for 50Hz the
maximum speedis 3000rpm.
– High speed of rotation produces strong centrifugal
forces, which impose upper limit on the rotor diameter.
ROTOR GENERATOR SINKRON
Field Excitation and Exciters
• DC field excitation is an important part of the
overall design of a synchronous generator
• The field must ensure not only a stable AC
terminal voltage, but must also respond to
sudden load changes – rapid field response is
important.
• Main and pilot exciters are used
• Brushless excitation systems employ power
electronics (rectifiers) to avoid brushes / slip ring
assemblies
A brushless exciter: a low 3-phase current is rectified and used to supply
the field circuit of the exciter (located on the stator).
The output of the exciter’s armature circuit (on the rotor) is rectified and
used as the field current of the main machine.
To make the excitation of a generator completely independent of any
external power source, a small pilot exciter is often added to the circuit.
The pilot exciter is an AC generator with a permanent magnet mounted on
the rotor shaft and a 3-phase winding on the stator producing the power
for the field circuit of the exciter.
 Exciter: provides dc power to the generator field winding
 Regulator: processes and amplifies input control signals to a level and
form appropriate for control of the exciter
 Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator: senses generator
terminal voltage, rectifies and filters it to dc quantity and compares with
a reference;
 Power system stabilizer: provides additional input signal to the
regulator to damp power system oscillations
 Limiters and protective circuits: ensure that the capability limits of
exciter and generator are not exceeded
Types of Excitation Systems

Classified into three broad categories

based on the excitation power source:
• DC excitation systems
• AC excitation systems
• Static excitation system
DC Excitation Systems:
AC Excitation System :
Field controlled rectifier excitation system
Alternator supplied controlled-rectifier
excitation system
Brushless excitation system
Static Excitation Systems
Potential-source controlled-rectifier excitation system
Synchronous vs. Induction Motors

Induction motors have excellent properties for

higher speeds. But at lower speeds they become
heavy, costly and have relatively low power
factors and efficiencies.

Synchronous motors are particularly attractive

for lowspeed drives since the power factor can
be adjusted to 1 and the efficiency is high.
Although more complex to build, their weight and
cost are often less than those of induction
motors of equal power and speed
Synchronous generator whose field current is supplied by a three-
phase ac power source connected to a thyristor three-phase bridge
Simplified equivalent diagram of an auto-excited
brushless synchronous generator.
Prinsip kerja pengatur tegangan otomatis sistem
elektromagnet/mekanis
`

Kontrol Daya Aktif dan Reaktif

Konfigurasi Daya Listrik
 Advantages of Phasor Analysis
Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v (t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v (t )  L V  j LI
dt
t
1 1
Capacitor v (t )   i (t )dt  v (0) V  I
C0 jC
Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z  , (Note: Z is a
R = Resistance, complex number but
X = Reactance, not a phasor).

R X ,
2 2 
 =arctan 
X .
Z = 
R 
50
Faktor Daya “leading”
Apabila arus mendahului tegangan, maka faktor daya ini
dikatakan “leading”. Faktor daya leading ini terjadi apabila
bebannya kapasitif, seperti capacitor, synchronocus
generators, synchronocus motors dan synchronocus
condensor.

Faktor Daya “lagging”

Apabila tegangan mendahului arus, maka faktor daya ini
dikatakan “lagging”. Faktor daya lagging ini terjadi
apabila bebannya induktif, seperti motor induksi, AC dan
transformator.
 Complex Power, cont’d
Relationships between real, reactive, and complex power:
P  S cos  ,

Q  S sin    S 1  pf 2 ,

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
   cos1 0.85  31.8,
100kW
S   117.6 kVA,
0.85
Q  117.6sin( 31.8)  62.0 kVAr.
59
 Power Consumption in Devices
Resistors only consume real power:
2
PResistor  I Resistor R,
Inductors only "consume" reactive power:
2
QInductor  I Inductor X L ,
Capacitors only "generate" reactive power:
2 1
QCapacitor   I Capacitor X C XC  .
C
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor   . (Note-some define X C negative.)
XC
60
Ilustrasi Daya Aktif , Reaktif dan daya
Semu , serta Power Factor
 Power Factor
 Caused by Inductive Loads
 Total Power (kVA)2=[Real Power (kW)]2+[Reactive Power (kVAR)]2
 Improved power factor can:
 Reduce utility bills (PF not penalized in ComEd service territory)
 Increase capacity in electrical distribution system

Real Power
Power Factor=
Apparent Power
US DOE – Industries of the Future Workshop
Series
 Reactive Power for Voltage Support
VARs flow from High voltage Reactive
to Low voltage; import of Loads
VARs indicate reactive
power deficit
KOMPENSATOR DAYA REAKTIF

67
68
Untuk menghitung besarnya daya reaktif dapat dilakukan melalui
tabel kompensasi, tabel ini menyajikan suatu data dengan input
faktor daya mula – mula sebesar Cos θ1 dan faktor daya yang
diinginkan Cos θ2 maka besarnya faktor pengali dapat dilihat
melalui tabel kompensasi, dengan kasus yang sama tetapi
diselesaikan dengan Tabel Cos θ Untuk Kompensasi
.
Data semula adalah :
Daya semu S = 22 MVA, Tegangan 20 kV, 3 Phasa, 50 Hz, Cos θ1 = 0.5 lag,
Cos θ2 = 0.95 lag
Perhitungan :
Dari nilai Cos θ1 = 0.5 lag sebelum dan Cos θ2 = 0.95 lag yang diinginkan maka
dilihat dalam Tabel Cos θ nilainya adalah 1,4.
Kemudian tentukan nilai daya real P :
P = S Cos θ1
P = 22 x 106 x Cos 0,5
P = 11 MW
setelah nilai daya aktif diketahui maka tinggal dikalikan dengan hasil pengali
yang diperoleh dari Tabel Cos θ, yaitu :
ΔQ = 11 MVA R x faktor pengali
ΔQ = 11 MVA R x 1,4 = 15,4 MVAR
Nilai Q tersebut adalah besarnya koreksi daya reaktif untuk mengubah
menjadi Cos θ2 = 0.95
 Kontrol daya aktif dan reaktif

 Daya aktif : berkaitan dengan

pengontrolan frekuensi 
kecepatan generator
 Daya reaktif : berkaitan dengan
pengontrolan tegangan output
generator.
FREQUENCY CONTROL
 TASKS OF THE TSO

• Frequency control
• Primary frequency control
• Compensate for short-term unbalances at local level
• Stabilize frequency within acceptable range around set point
• Secondary and tertiary frequency control
• Control the load-generation balance at the programmed
export-import
• Contribute to bringing the frequency back to its set point
• Relieve the primary control reserve after an incident
• Scheduled (set point) frequency (time control)
• control centre in Gandul - Depok
• To account for the Synchronous Time deviations
• 50.01 or 49.99 Hz for the whole day
 TASKS OF THE TSO

• Reactive power management and voltage

control
• Primary voltage control
• Excitation of generators
• Capacitors
• SVCs (Static Var Compensators)
• Secondary voltage control
• Zonal coordination of the voltage and reactive power
control
• Maintains the required voltage level at a key node
• Tertiary voltage control
• Optimization of the reactive power distribution
• Based on real-time measurements
• Device settings adjustment
Pengaturan daya reaktif dilakukan oleh AVR (Automatic Voltage
Regulator) sementara untuk pengaturan daya aktif dilakukan oleh
LFC (Load Frequency Regulator) seperti yang terlihat pada gambar
berikut ini
Tujuan dasar pengaturan frekuensi itu sendiri
adalah :
 Memberi keseimbangan sistem pembangkit ke
beban.
 Memperkecil penyimpangan frekuensi akibat
perubahan beban secara tiba-tiba agar perubahan
frekuensi tersebut mendekati nol.
 Menjaga aliran daya pada pembangkit-
pembangkit yang terinterkoneksi agar berada pada
kemampuan kapasitas masing-masing generator
Model generator
Model matematis generator dapat dituliskan dalam bentuk persamaan sebagai berikut

dimana :
ΔΩ(s) : Perubahan kecepatan (rad/s)
H : Konstanta inersia
ΔPm(s) : Perubahan daya mekanik (Watt)
ΔPe(s) : Perubahan daya akibat perubahan beban (Watt)
Blok diagram dari persamaan di atas, yaitu :
Respon beban terhadap perubahan frekuensi :

Pada umumnya beban system listrik terdiri dari berbagai macam peralatan listrik. Berdasarkan
responnya terhadap frekuensi , beban dapat dibagi dua , yaitu :

a. Non-frequency sensitive load : beban yang tidak terpengaruh terhadap perubahan frekuensi,
misalnya : lampu pijar, elemen pemanas, dll.
b. Frequency sensitive load : beban yang sensitive terhadap perubahan frekuensi, misalnya motor,
transformator , pompa , dsb.

Karakteristik ketergantungan terhadap frekuensi dari beban komposit, dinyatakan dengan persamaan :

∆ 𝑃𝑒 = ∆ 𝑃𝐿 + 𝐷 ∆ 𝜔𝑟

Dimana :

∆ 𝑃𝐿 = perubahan beban yang non-frequency sensitive.

𝐷 ∆𝜔𝑟 = perubahan beban yang frequency sensitive
𝐷 = konstanta damping beban ( typical value : 1 % atau 2 %)
Konstanta damping beban D dinyatakan dalam persent (%) perubahan beban untuk 1% perubahan
frekuensi. D= 2, artinya untuk perubahan 1 % frekuensi menyebabkan 2 % perubahan beban.
Model beban
Dari persamaan (8.1), komponen ΔPe(s) merupakan penjumlahan antara komponen
frekwensi (D Δω) dan non-frekwensi (ΔPL), seperti pada persamaan berikut ini :

Sehingga gambar (8.3) dapat diubah menjadi :

Model penggerak mula

Dasar pemodelan penggerak mula dalam hal ini sebagai contoh yaitu turbin uap
adalah melihat hubungan antara daya mekanik ΔPm dan perubahan posisi dari katup
(valve) ΔPV. Model matematis turbin dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut :

Konstanta waktu turbin (τT) memiliki range antara 0,2 secons sampai 2,0 seconds
Model governor
Model matematis untuk suatu governor dapat dituliskan menjadi

dengan :
ΔPg : daya output governor (Watt)
ΔPreff : daya referensi/acuan (Watt)
R : speed regulation (berkisar 5 – 6 persen)
Daya output governor ΔPg tersebut diubah dari penguat hidraulik ke sinyal input
posisi katup (valve) ΔPV, sehingga hubungan antara keduanya menjadi

Dengan τg sebagai konstanta waktu governor. Sehingga persamaan (8.4) dan (8.5)
dapat direpresentasikan dalam diagram blok berikut ini :
Jika representasi diagram blok pada gambar (8.4), (8.5) dan (8.6) digabungkan, maka
akan diperoleh suatu model load frequency control (LFC) seperti pada gambar berikut
ini
PENGENDALIAN DAYA REAKTIF DAN TEGANGAN

Perubahan tegangan keluaran generator tergantung pada

perubahan daya reaktif beban. Tetapi dalam operasi sistem
yang andal tegangan generator harus dijaga pada range
tegangan 0,9 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 1,05 pu,
 Generator Capability Curve
(Over-excited)
Over-excitation Limit
Lagging

0.8 pf
line Stator Winding Heating Limit
- Per unit MVAR

Normal Excitation
(Q = 0, pF = 1)
MW
(Under-excited)

Turbine Limit
(Q) +
Leading

Under-excitation Limit
Stability Limit
Pengendalian yang digunakan pada bagian-
bagian sistem tersebut antara lain (Prabha
Kundur, 1993):

a. Pemasangan kapasitor shunt (shunt

apasitors), reaktor shunt (shunt reactors),
synchronous condenser / motor sinkron dan
static var compensators (SVC).
b. Pemasangan line reactance compensators
seperti kapasitor seri (series capasitors).
c. Pemasangan regulating transformers seperti
tap-changing transformers.
Model Sistem AVR
Fungsi dari AVR adalah mempertahankan besaran tegangan
terminal generator pada tingkatan yang ditentukan. System AVR
terdiri dari empat (4) komponen utama yaitu: Amplifier, Exciter,
Generator dan Sensor. Model matematika dan fungsi transfer
dari ke empat komponen tersebut diperlihatkan di bawah ini
(Hadi Saadat, 1999).
Brushless Excitation - A small permanent magnet generator (PMG) is
mounted on the rotor shaft.
The output of the PMG is controlled and applied to the stator of an ac exciter.
The output of this exciter is fed to a shaft mounted rectifier.
The rectified output of the exciter is supplied to the main field winding. No
sliprings or brushes are required.
The presence of the PMG provides black-start capability.
DAYA REAKTIF DAN KONTROL TEGANGAN

Daya reaktif tidak dapat ditransmisikan melalui saluran jarak jauh, sehingga kontrol tegangan
dapat dilakukan secara efektif dengan suatu peralatan khusus yang tersebar sepanjang
jaringan listrik.

PRODUKSI DAN ABSORPSI DAYA REAKTIF

1. Generator Sinkron : dapat membangkitkan atau menyerap daya reaktif tergantung dari
excitasinya. Jika over-excited maka generator akan mensuplai daya reaktif, sedangkan jika
under-excited maka generator akan menyerap daya reaktif. Untuk mengontrol tegangan
eksitasi dilakukan dengan AVR.
2. Overhead lines : akan bersifat membangkitkan atau menyerap daya reaktif tergantung arus
bebannya. Jika arus beban dibawah beban naturalnya maka bersifat sebagai pembangkit daya
reaktif, tetapi apabila dialiri arus diatas beban naturalnya maka akan bersifat menyerap daya
reaktif.
3. Underground cable : karena mempunyai kapasitansi yang besar , sehingga seringkali dibebani
dibawah beban naturalnya, sehingga bersifat membangkitkan daya reaktif.
4. Transformer : selalu menyerap daya reaktif.
5. Beban (loads) : selalu menyerap daya reaktif.
 Reactive Power Management/Compensation
What is Reactive Power Compensation?

• Effectively balancing of capacitive and inductive components of a power

system to provide sufficient voltage support.
– Static and dynamic reactive power

• Essential for reliable operation of power system

– prevention of voltage collapse/blackout

Benefits of Reactive Power Compensation:

• Improves efficiency of power delivery/reduction of losses.

• Improves utilization of transmission assets/transmission capacity.
• Reduces congestion and increases power transfer capability.
• Enhances grid reliability/security.
 Static and Dynamic VAR Support

• Static Reactive Power Devices

– Cannot quickly change the reactive power level as long as the voltage
level remains constant.
– Reactive power production level drops when the voltage level drops.
– Examples include capacitors and inductors.

• Dynamic Reactive Power Devices

– Can quickly change the MVAR level independent of the voltage level.
– Reactive power production level increases when the voltage level drops.
– Examples include static VAR compensators (SVC), synchronous
condensers, and generators.
Major FACTS Controllers

• Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

• Static Reactive Compensator (STATCOM)
• Static Series Synchr. Compensator (SSSC)
• Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
• Back-To-Back DC Link (BTB)
 FACTS Applications
Power Flow Control Inter-area Control
System Reliability Inter-tie Reliability
S/S Inter-connected
RTO System

Power Generation UPFC BTB

Voltage Control Improved

Power System Stability Power Quality

Load S/S
Load
STATCOM STATCOM
Enhanced Increased
Import Capability Transmission Capacity
Inter-connected
Power System
Load
S/S
BTB SSSC
 Static VAr compensator (SVC)
• Variable reactive
power source V

• Can generate as well TCR

as absorb reactive XC Firing angle

power control

• Maximum and XL

minimum limits on
reactive power output
depends on limiting Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of an SVC

values of capacitive
and inductive
susceptances.
Static compensator (STATCOM)
• Voltage source converter
device
• Alternating voltage source
System bus
V

behind a coupling reactance Transformer

• Can be operated at its full X

I

output current even at very E

DC-AC switching converter
low voltages
• Depending upon Cs

manufacturer's design, Vdc

STATCOMs may have Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of STATCOM

increased transient rating both
in inductive as well as
capacitive mode of operation
JENIS-JENIS COMPENSATOR VARS

 Shunt Capasitor
 Series Capasitor
 Shunt Reactor
 Synchronous Condenser
 SVC
 STATCOM
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS
Adalah mesin sinkron yang berjalan tanpa menggunakan penggerak mula (prime mover) atau beban
mekanik. Pengontrolan tegangan dilakukan dengan mengatur tegangan eksitasinya, sehingga bisa
diatur kapan mengirimkan atau menyerap daya reaktif. Dengan menggunakan AVR dapat diatur
secara automatic pengaturan output daya reaktif.
Distribution System Capacitors

103
Contoh :
Hitunglah besarnya kapasitor yang harus ditambahkan ke sebuah lampu
fluoresen 20 W, 220 VAC, 50 Hz dengan faktor daya 0,4; sehingga faktor
dayanya terkoreksi menjadi 0,93
Penyelesaian :
Diketahui : P = 20 W , V = 220 VAC
cos j1  0,4 cos j2  0,93
Dijawab :
Dari tabel sebelumnya: (tan j1  tan j2)  1,896
Qc = P. (tan j1  tan j2)
= V2 / Xc
P. (tan j1  tan j2)
C = -------------------------
2. p.f.V2
20 . 1,896 39,816
= ------------------------- = -------------
2 . 3,14 . 50 . 2202 15197600
= 2,62 uF / 250 VAC
STATIC VAR SYSTEMS (SVCs)
SVCs adalah berbentuk adalah shunt-connected static generator/absorber yang outputnya
berubah-ubah sesuai kebutuhan untuk mengontrol daya reaktif. Disebut static karena tidak ada
komponen/bagian yang bergerak.

Jenis-jenis SVC :

1. Saturated Reactor (SR)

2. Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
3. Thyristor Switched Capasitor (TSC)
4. Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR)
5. Thyristor Controlled Transformer (TCT)
6. Self or line commutated Converter (SCC/LCC)
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
STATCOM
(Static Synchronous Compensator)
Welding Handbook
“Idealized” Phase Shift Heat Control

(a) Current Controlled by Tape Settings

In Actual Case,
Current can not
instantaneously
change

(b) Current Controlled by Phase Shift Setting

 Actual
Condition

1
 Firing
%Heat 
Angle


Hangover Angle
Related to R/L ratio


Androvich “Resistance Welding Constant Current Heat Control”,

AWS Sheet Metal ConfV, 1992
STATCOM yang menggunakan storage device atau sumber daya , menyebabkan STATCOM mampu
mengontrol output daya real. STATCOM mempunyai dynamic performance yang lebih baik
dibandingkan dengan SVC, dan mempunyai kemampuan memperbaiki transient response yang lebih
cepat disbanding SVC.
Thyristor controlled reactor
and fixed capacitor, TCR/FC
A reactor and thyristor valve are incorporated
in each singlephase branch. Power is
changed by controlling the current through
the reactor via the thyristor valve. The on-
state interval is controlled by delaying
triggering of the thyristor valve relative to the
natural zero current crossing.
A thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) is used in
combination with a fixed capacitor (FC) when
reactive power generation or alternatively,
absorption and generation is required. This is
often the optimum solution for sub-
transmission and distribution.

TCR/FCs are characterized by

–– Continuous control
–– No transients
–– Elimination of harmonics by tuning the
FCs as filters
–– Compact design
Thyristor switched capacitor, TSC
A shunt capacitor bank is divided into an
appropriate number of branches. Each branch is
individually switched on or off via a thyristor valve.
Switching takes place when the voltage across
the thyristor valve is zero, making it virtually
transient-free.
Disconnection is effected by suppressing the
firing pulses to the thyristors which will be blocked
when the current reaches zero.

TSCs are characterized by

–– Stepped control
–– No transients
–– No harmonics
–– Low losses
–– Redundancy and flexibility
Thyristor controlled reactor/
Thyristor switched capacitor,
TCR/TSC
A combined TCR and TSC is the optimum solution
in many cases. With a TCR/TSC compensator,
continuously variable reactive power is obtained
across the entire control range plus full control of
both the inductive and the capacitive parts of the
compensator.
The principal benefit is optimum performance during
major disturbances in the power system, such as
line faults and load rejections.

TCR/TSC combinations are characterized

by
–– Continuous control
–– No transients
–– Elimination of harmonics via filters or TSR
(thyristor switched reactor) control
–– Low losses
–– Redundancy
–– Flexible control and operation
Shunt capasitor and reactor
(SVC)
The benefits of SVC to power
transmission:
–– Stabilized voltages in weak systems
–– Reduced transmission losses
–– Increased transmission capacity, to reduce, defer or
eliminate the need for new lines
–– Higher transient stability limit
–– Increased damping of minor disturbances
–– Greater voltage control and stability
–– Power oscillation damping
 The benefits of SVC to power distribution
–– Stabilized voltage at the receiving end of long lines
–– Increased productivity as stabilized voltage means
better utilized capacity
–– Reduced reactive power consumption, which gives
lower losses and improved tariffs
–– Balanced asymmetrical loads reduce system losses
and enable lower stresses in rotating machinery
–– Enables better use of equipment (particularly
transformers and cables)
–– Reduced voltage fluctuations and light flicker
–– Decreased harmonic distortion

Benefits
Increase the power factor by dynamic reactive power
compensation.
Eliminate the voltage distortion caused by harmonic.
Stabilize the voltage and reduce the voltage fluctuation and
flicker.
Balance the three-phase load current and eliminate the negative
sequence current.
Increase the operation safety of impact loading equipment and
its adjacent electrical equipment.
Operating Principles
The Static Var Compensator(SVC) are composed of the capacitor banks/filter
banks and aircore reactors connected in parallel. The air-core reactors are
series connected to thyristors.
The current of air-core reactors can be controlled by adjusting the fire angle of
thyristors.
The SVC can be considered as a dynamic reactive power source. It can supply
capacitive reactive power to the grid or consume the spare inductive reactive
power from the grid.
Normally, the system can receive the reactive power from a capacitor bank, and
the spare part can be consumed by an air-core shunt reactor.
As mentioned, the current in the air-core reactor is controlled by a thyristor
valve. The valve controls the fundamental current by changing the fire angle,
ensuring the voltage can be limited to an acceptable range at the injected
node(for power system var compensation), or the sum of reactive power at the
injected node is zero which means the power factor is equal to 1 (for load var
compensation).
Current harmonics are inevitable during the operation of thyristor controlled
rectifiers, thus it is essential to have filters in a SVC system to eliminate the
harmonics. The filter banks can not only absorb the risk harmonics, but also
produce the capacitive reactive power.
The SVC uses close loop control system to regulate busbar voltage, reactive
power exchange, power factor and three phase voltage balance.
TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIAN