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Julia Jennifer M
405120053
…
GI BLEEDING
PEPTIC ULCER
• Ulcer : hilangnya lapisan epitelial mukosa hingga
submukosa dengan kedalaman > 5mm.
• Peptic ulcer disease refers to painful sores or ulcers in
the lining of the stomach (gaster) and the beginning of
the small intestine (duodenum)
• Most ulcers are caused by an infection with a type of
bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
• It is characterized by a burning sensation and occurs
after meals—classically, shortly after meals with gastric
ulcer and 2-3 hours afterward with duodenal ulcer.
PEPTIC ULCER
Factors that can increase your risk for ulcers include:
• Excess acid production , tumors of the acid producing
cells of the stomach that increases acid output (seen in
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
• Infected with the H. pylori bacterium
• Take NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
• Have a family history of ulcers
• Have another illness such as liver, kidney, or lung
disease
• Drink alcohol regularly
Peptic Ulcer
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Derajat varises esofagus
pada endoskopi :
Swelling of the veins of the esophagus or stomach -derajat 1 : varises yang
usually resulting from liver disease . kolaps bila esofagus
Varices most commonly occur in dikembangkan dengan
alcoholic liver cirrhosis. When varices bleed, the udara
bleeding can be massive, catastrophic and occur -derajat 2 : antara derajat 1
without warning. dan 3
-derajat 3 : varises yang
besar dan dapat menutup
If larger amounts of bleeding occur, symptoms lumen
may include:
•Black, tarry stools
•Bloody stools
•Lightheadedness
•Paleness
•Symptoms of chronic liver disease
•Vomiting blood / hematemesis
Another causes for Upper GI bleeding
• Gastritis: General inflammation of the stomach
lining, which can result in bleeding. Gastritis also
results from an inability of the gastric lining to
protect itself from the acid it produces.
• Causes of gastritis include:
-NSAIDs or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, for example,ibuprofen
-alcohol,
-burns, and
-trauma
..
LOWER GI BLEEDING
Diverticulosis: One of the most common causes of lower GI bleeding. Small out-pockets,
or diverticula, form in the wall of the colon (large intestine), usually in a weakened area
of the bowel wall. The person may develop several pockets, which are more common in
people who have constipation and strain during a bowel movement.
Cancers: One of the early signs of colon or rectal cancers may be blood in the stool.
Angiodysplasia: Along with diverticulosis, this is one of the most common causes of
lower GI bleeding. Angiodysplasia is a malformation of the blood vessels in the wall of
the GI tract. These are most commonly in the large intestine and often bleed. The elderly
and people with chronic kidney failure develop the disease most often.
Polyps: Intestinal polyps are noncancerous
tumors of the GI tract, occurring mostly in
people older than 40 years of age. A small
proportion of these polyps may transform into
cancer. Colon polyps may bleed rapidly, or they
may bleed slowly and go undetected.
ACID-BASE
ASIDOSIS ASIDOSIS METABOLIK
RESPIRATORIK • Akut :
• Akut : – pCO2 normal
– pCO2 ↑ – HCO3- ↓
– HCO3- normal – pH darah <
– pH darah < • Kompensasi tidak
• Kompensasi tidak sempurna :
sempurna : – pCO2 ↓
– pCO2 ↑ – HCO3- ↓
– HCO3- ↑ – pH darah <
– pH darah < • Kompensasi
• Kompensasi sempurna :
sempurna : – pCO2 ↓
– pCO2 ↑ – HCO3- ↓
– HCO3- ↑ – pH darah normal
– pH darah normal
ALKALOSIS ALKALOSIS
RESPIRATORIK METABOLIK
• Akut : • Akut :
– pCO2 ↓ – pCO2 normal
– HCO3- normal – HCO3- ↑
– pH darah > – pH darah >
• Kompensasi tidak • Kompensasi tidak
sempurna : sempurna :
– pCO2 ↓ – pCO2 ↑
– HCO3- ↓ – HCO3- ↑
– pH darah > – pH darah >
• Kompensasi • Kompensasi
sempurna : sempurna :
– pCO2 ↓ – pCO2 ↑
– HCO3- ↓ – HCO3- ↑
– pH darah normal – pH darah normal
…
ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES
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Lupus eritematosus
3 Infeksi saluran kemih kronik sistemik (LES) Tromboplebitis
Penyakit jantung
4 Infeksi jamur kronik Trauma berat iskemik
Human immunodeficiency virus
5 (HIV) Abses steril
6 Meningitis Vaskulitis
7 Osteomielitis Luka bakar
Osteoartritis
8 Infeksi sistem reproduksi wanita (OA)
Penyakit vaskular
Penyakit inflamasi pelvik (PID: kolagen (Collagen
9 pelvic inflamatory disease) vascular disease)
10 Polimialgia
11 Trauma Panas
12 Ulcus dekubitus
13 Penyakit Crohn