Wireless network
Wireless network refers to any type of computer
network that is wireless, and is commonly
associated with a telecomunication network
whose interconnections between nodes is
implemented without the use of wires. Wireless
telecommunications networks are generally
implemented with some type of remote
information transmission system that uses
electromagnatic waves such as radio waves for
the carriers and this implementation usually
takes place at the physical level or "layer" of the
network.
 ×
 

 

×
.11 wireless networks

operate in one of two modes-
modes-
ad--hoc or infrastructure
ad
mode
a n ~ hoc mo e, e, each client
communicates directly with
the other clients within the
network
a n infr~structure mo e, e,
each client sends all of it¶s
communications to a central
station, or access point (AP).
  
a Mhrough the use of wireless networks,
information could be sent overseas or behind
enemy lines easily, efficiently and more reliably.
a People use these phones daily to communicate
with one another. Sending information overseas
is possible through wireless network systems
using satellites and other signals to communicate
across the world
a Another important use for wireless networks is as
an inexpensive and rapid way to be connected to
the internet in countries and regions where the
telecom infrastructure is poor or there is a lack of
resources, as in most developing countries.
×
 



a ×
~ is ~n
×
~ est~lishe IEEE
st~n ~r for
wireless networkin
×
 th~t improves on
the perform~nce
×
 limit~tions of
×
 ×
~ is
~ rel~tively hih
cost solution foun
in some usiness
networks
×
 



• ×



 is ~n
×
~ in ustry-
ustry-st~n ~r
technoloy for
wireless
×
 communic~tion vi~
Ethernet
Ethernet ec~use
×
 of its low cost ~n
est~lishe history,
×



 is
commonly foun in
home networks
networks
×
 




.11g-
 or
×
.11g-
×
~ ×
.11g, is an amendment to
the  ×
.11 specification
that extended throughput to
×
 up to 54 Mbits/s using the
same
.4 GHz band as
×
 ×
.11b Mhis specification
under the marketing name of
Wi--fi has been implemented
Wi
all over the world. Mhe
×
.11g protocol is now
Clause 19 of the published
 ×
.11
 standard.
  


 
a Mhe ×
.11a standard uses the same core
protocol as the original standard
a operates in 5 GHz band
a uses a 5
-
5
-subcarrier orthogonal frequency
frequency--
division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum
raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s

a Mhe effective overall range of ×
.11a is slightly

less than that of ×
.11b/g; ×
.11a signals
cannot penetrate as far as those for ×
.11b
because they are absorbed more readily by walls
and other solid objects in their path
 M 

×

a Of the 5
OFDM sub carriers, 4× are
for data and 4 are pilot subcarriers
with a carrier separation of .1
5
MHz (
MHz/64).
a ach of these subcarriers can be a
BPSK, QPSK 16-16-QAM or 64-
64-QAM
a Mhe total bandwidth is
MHz with
an occupied bandwidth of 16.6 MHz.
a Symbol duration is 4 microseconds
  


 
a ×
.11b has a maximum raw data rate of
11 Mbit/s and uses the same CSMA/CA
media access method defined in the
original standard
a
Due to the CSMA/CA protocol overhead,
in practice the maximum ×
.11b
throughput that an application can achieve
is about 5.9 Mbit/s using MCP and .1
Mbit/s using UDP
  
a ×
.11b is used in a point-
point-to-
to-multipoint configuration,
wherein an access point communicates via an omni- omni-
directional antenna with one or more nomadic or mobile
clients that are located in a coverage area around the
access point
a Mypical indoor range is  m (1 ft) at 11 Mbit/s and 9 m
( ft) at 1 Mbit/s
a With high-
high-gain external antennas, the protocol can also be
used in fixed point-
point-to-
to-point arrangements, typically at
ranges up to × kilometers (5 miles) although some report
success at ranges up to × 1
km (5 5 miles) where
line of sight can be established
  


 
a ×
.11g was the third modulation standard for
Wireless LAN
a t works in the
.4 GHz band (like ×
.11b) but
operates at a maximum raw data rate of 54
Mbit/s
a Mhe modulation scheme used in ×
.11g is
orthogonal frequency-
frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) copied from ×
.11a with data rates of
6, 9, 1
, 1×,
4, 6, 4×, and 54 Mbit/s,
a ×
.11g operates in the same frequency band as
×
.11b, it can achieve higher data rates
because of its heritage to ×
.11a.
 ¦
×

a Mhe ×
.11g standard was rapidly adopted
by consumers starting in January
,
well before ratification, due to the desire
for higher speeds, and reductions in
manufacturing costs.
a By summer
, most dual dual--band
×
.11a/b products became dual-dual-band/tri-
band/tri-
mode, supporting a and b/g in a single
mobile adapter card or access point
 D

×

a Current ×
.11 standards define "frame" types for use in
transmission of data
a ach frame has a
-

-byte frame control field that provides
detailed information on the wireless link
a Mhis field is segmented 11 ways and will be presented in
order, with the first two bits reserved for identification of
the protocol being used (e.g., ×
.11g, ×
.11b, etc.).
a Mhese respectively two and four bit fields are used for
identification of which frame type is used
a Mhe next two segments are reserved for type and subtype
a Mhe next two bits are the Mo DS and From DS fields. Mhey
indicate whether a frame is headed for a distributed system
 ×




Mhree Mech~nism
a Wire Equiv~lent Priv~cy
protocol

a Open System Authentic~tion

a Sh~re Key Authentic~tion