Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Communication
Principle
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Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references
first:
SDH Principle
Electromagnetism Basics
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characteristics of digital microwave
communication
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Transmission Methods for Communication
Coaxial Cable
Fiber
MUX MUX
Radio Microwave Radio
Ter. Ter.
Satellite
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Fiber and Microwave Transmission
Microwave (MW) Optical Fiber
Easy to cross the space, few land Optical cable construction,
used, avoid the private land issue large amounts of land used.
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Microwave (MW) Definition
Microwave (MW)
A type of electromagnetic wave.
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Developing of MW Communication
Capacity(/ch)
Hybrid/Packet
1G Integrated IP
Microwave
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Digital MW Communication Concepts
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Digital Microwave Communication
System Model
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Frequency Band and Radio Channel
The common frequency bands :
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (by ITU-R rec. )
1.5 2.5GHz
region networks
2
8 3.3 11 GHz
long-distance
34 area and local network, boundary
backbone network
Mbit/s network
34
2
140 8
155 34
Mbit/s 140
155
Mbit/s GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50
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Frequency Band and Radio Channel
(Cont.)
The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel spacing are
defined in every frequency band.
Frequency scope
f0(central freq.)
Low frequency band High frequency band
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Frequency Band and Radio Channel
(Cont.)
Frequency scope(7425-7725MHz)
f0(7575M)
T/R spacing:
154M
28M
T/R Spacing Sub-Band Lower Sub-band TX Frequency Higher Sub-band TX Frequency (MHz)
(MHz) (MHz)
Lower Limit Upper Limit Lower Limit Upper Limit
154 A 7,428.00 7,484.00 7,582.00 7,638.00
154 B 7,470.00 7,526.00 7,624.00 7,680.00
154 C 7,512.00 7,568.00 7,666.00 7,722.00
154 D 7,128.00 7,184.00 7,282.00 7,338.00
154 E 7,170.00 7,226.00 7,324.00 7,380.00
154 F 7,212.00 7,268.00 7,366.00 7,422.00
154 G 7,456.00 7,512.00 7,610.00 7,666.00
154 H 7,484.00 7,540.00 7,638.00 7,694.00
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Modulation Modes for Digital MW
The microwave carrier is digitally modulated by the
baseband signal.
Service
signal
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Modulation Modes for Digital MW
(Cont.)
The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
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Microwave Frame Structure
The microwave frame structure can be illustrated as below:
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Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication?
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Classification of Digital MW Equipment
Modes Digital MW Analog MW
Trunk MW
Structure split-mount MW
All-outdoor MW
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Trunk MW Equipment
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All-outdoor MW Equipment
IF and baseband
signal processing unit
and RF signal
processing unit Antenna
Hybrid
Coupler
Service and
power
All-outdoor MW equipment cable
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Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
IF Cable
RF unit or Outdoor unit
(ODU)
Indoor Unit
split-mount MW equipment
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Split-mount MW Equipment-Installation
Separate installation Direct installation
Antenna
Antenna
ODU
Soft
waveguide
(ODU) IF cable IF cable
中频
口 IDU
IDU IF interface
IF interface
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Antenna
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Antenna (Cont.)
Function: Directional transmission and reception of RF signals
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Antenna (Cont.)
1 1
Tx
1 1
Rx
n n
Tx
n n
Rx
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Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain
The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface
antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the
same point.
D
2
It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB) : P
G io
Half power angle (3 dB beam width) Pi
From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points where the
power decrease half are half power point. The angle between
the two half power points is half power angle.
Approximate calculation formula
is:
0.5 (650 ~ 700 ) Half power angle
D
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Antenna Specifications (Cont.)
XdB=10lgPo/Px
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Antenna Alignment
Side
lobe Side view
Main lobe
Rear lobe
Side
lobe
Top view
Main lobe Rear lobe
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Antenna Alignment (Cont.)
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Outdoor Unit
ODU RFU
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Outdoor Unit (Cont.)
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter.
The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
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Outdoor Unit (Cont.)
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Outdoor Unit (Cont.)
Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from
2.5 to 5dB.
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Outdoor Unit (Cont.)
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Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1, STM-1 or Ethernet
Processing RFCOH
Conversion signals between baseband and IF
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Indoor Unit (Cont.)
Service
IF unit
channel
Multiplex of
microwave
modulat Tx IF
Cable interface
frame ion
Service From/to
accessing Demultiplex of
demodul
Rx IF ODU
microwave
frame ation
Interface Service
of OM Monitor and control channel
unit
DC/DC convert
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Questions
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Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment
Parameters of antenna
Parameters of ODU
Function of IDU
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Common Networking Application
Basic Topologies
Star
Chain Ring
Tree Mesh
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Types of Digital MW Stations
The digital MW station includes terminal station, relay
station and pivotal station
Relay Pivotal
statio station
Terminal n
station
Pivotal Terminal
station station
Terminal
station
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Types of Relay Stations
• Plane reflector
Relay
station
• Regenerative relay
Active
• IF relay
• RF relay
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Active Relay Stations
RF direct station:
Amplifying MW signal at RF band bidirectionally without
frequency shift.
Regenerative relay station:
It extends the MW propagation distance and change direction
to round the obstacles.
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Passive Relay Stations
Parabolic reflectors:
It consists of two parabolic antennas which are connected
back to back with a section of waveguide.
Plane reflectors:
A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
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Passive Relay Stations (Cont.)
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Application of Digital MW
Supplement
for optical
network (the Special
Backhaul last mile transmission
transmission access) situation (river,
for mobile lake, island)
BTS Microwave
application
Emergency
Critical link communication
backup (large activity,
crisis)
VIP customer
access
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Questions
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
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Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
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Factors Affect MW Propagation
Landform:
The reflection from land affect receiving signal from main direction
Direct
Direct
Reflection Reflection
C: flatland
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Factors Affect MW Propagation (Cont.)
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Classification of the Fading
Fading
Sustained Received
Mechanism Effect
duration level
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-Free
Space Fading
Formula: A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
d = distance in km f = frequency in GHz
d
PTX = Output power
GTX GRX PRX = Receiving power
distance
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-Rain
& Fog Fading
Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-
K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of
earth).
The value of K depends on the local meteorological
phenomena
Re R
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-
Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for
pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area,
and the electric wave is scattered by it.
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Fading Classified by Mechanism-Duct
Type Fading
When electric waves pass the atmospheric waveguide,
super reflection occurs.
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Fading Classified by Sustained
Duration
Fast Fading
Short-duration fading is called slow fading and the duration
is from several seconds to several minutes.
Slow Fading
Long-duration fading is called slow fading and the duration is
from several minutes to several hours.
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Fading Classified by Received Level
Upward Fading
When the received level is higher than the free space level, it
is called upward fading
Downward Fading
When the received level is lower than the free space level, it
is called downward fading
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Cases of Fading
Upward
fading
Receive
level in
free space
Threshol
d
(-30dB )
Fast 1h Signal
fading Slow interruption
fading
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Multi-Path Propagation and Fading
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Fading Classified by Effect
Multi-path fading can be classified into flat fading and
frequency selective fading.
Receiving power (dBm)
Normal
Freq. (MHz)
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Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading
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Anti-fading Technologies
Types Improving effects
Adaptive Equalization Wave shape distortion
Anti-fading Wave shape distortion
Cross Polarization Interference
technologies
Counteract
related with
Equipment Automatic Transmit Power
Power reduction
Control
Forward Error Correction Power reduction
Anti-fading
technologies Wave shape distortion
Diversity receive technologies
related with and Power reduction
system
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Adaptive Frequency Equalization
Slope
Signal frequency Spectrum
Multi-path fading after
spectrum domain
equalization equalization
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Adaptive Time Equalization
T … T … T
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Automatic Transmit Power Control
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XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
680MHz
30MH 340MHz
z 80MHz
60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
Horizontal V (H)
Direction of polarization
electric H (V)
field
680MHz
Vertical
340MH
polarization 30MH 80MHz z
z 60MHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 7’ 8’
V (H)
H (V)
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XPIC (Cont.)
An XPIC IF board processes incoming signals in the
horizontal and vertical polarization directions so that
the original signals can be recovered from
interference.
Site A Site B
Modem Modem
ODU 1 f1 ODU 1
Service f1 f1 Service
H
V
Service f1 f1 Service
ODU 2 ODU 2
Modem Modem
Service singnal
H: horizontal polarization direction
V: vertical polarization direction
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Diversity Reception
Polarization diversity
Angle diversity
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Space Diversity
f1
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Frequency Diversity
f1
f2
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Space Diversity Combination
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Polarization Diversity and Angle
Diversity
Polarization diversity: Diversity transmission and reception
wherein the same information signal is transmitted and received
simultaneously on orthogonally polarized waves with fade-
independent propagation characteristics.
Angle diversity: Diversity reception in which beyond-the-horizon
tropospheric scatter signals are received at slightly different
angles, equivalent to paths through different scatter volumes in
the troposphere.
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Other Anti-fading Methods
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Other Anti-fading Methods (Cont.)
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Questions
What are the factors that affect microwave propagation?
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Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions.
Anti-fading technologies
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Thank you
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