Multiple Effects of Hormones

Rokia Gharieb| Eman Hussni | Maadi STEM School | 3A

 Water soluble Lipid soluble
hormones hormones
• Cross the • Diffuse through
membrane membrane and
through bind to the
receptors on receptor inside
the membrane the cell

Cellar physiology
Effect of the hormones on the target cell

Triggering to
the target cell
 Multiple effects of hormones

Multiple effect of hormones means that the one hormone can

affect the target cells with two different effects in the same
time according to:
• The receptor that located in the target cell membrane
(molecules that receive or produce the response to that
hormone)
• The location of the target cell
• their signal transduction pathways
Different effects according to

The location of
the target cell
Multiple effect of Epinephrine (Water soluble hormone)

activates
involves the
Target Liver Involves
G protein
β-type enzyme
cell coupled cells receptor protein
receptors
kinase A

triggers glycogen regulates enzymes in

breakdown in the liver glycogen metabolism
 Multiple effect of Epinephrine

involves Involves
Target G protein blood supplying
β-type
cell coupled vessels skeletal
receptors muscle receptor

increased inactivates a activates

smooth
blood flow muscle the enzyme
muscle
to skeletal specific protein
relaxation
muscles enzyme kinase A
Different effects according to

• Transduction
pathways
 Multiple effect of Epinephrine

different intestinal Involves activates

Target G protein blood α-type different
cell receptors vessels receptor enzymes

Decrease blood
smooth muscle
flow to the
contraction
intestines
 stimulates synthesize
the yolk
a bird’s protein
liver vitellogenin
Estrogen
in bird stimulates synthesize
its proteins that
reproductive form the egg
system white

Multiple effects of Estrogens (Lipid-soluble hormones)

Signaling by Local Regulators
Rokia Gharieb| Eman Hussni | Maadi STEM School | 3A
 Local Regulator

paracrine Secreted molecules that link

signaling neighboring cells

Autocrine
signaling directly regulate the secreting cell

Local regulators response more quickly than do hormones.

Nevertheless, the pathways by which local regulators trigger
responses are the same as those activated by hormones.
Examples of Local Regulator

Polypeptide
local regulators
 Examples of Local Regulator

local regulators that enable communication

Cytokines between immune cells
stimulate cell proliferation and
Growth Factor
differentiation

Many types of cells grow, divide, and develop

normally only when growth factors are present in
their extracellular environment
Examples of Local Regulator

Gas local
regulators
 Examples of Local Regulator

The gas nitric Activates an enzyme that relaxes the

oxide (NO) surrounding smooth muscle cells
• Functions in the body as both a neurotransmitter and a local
regulator.
endothelial cells in activates
level of (O2)
blood vessel walls
in the blood
synthesize and an
falls enzyme
release NO

improves resulting relaxes the

in
blood flow vasodilati surrounding smooth
to tissues on muscle cells
 Nitric Oxide In Human

• NO usually triggers changes in a target cell within a

few seconds of contact and then breaks down
• During sexual Arousal, the tissue that surround the
penis filled with blood and then breaks down.
• The ability of NO to promote vasodilation help in sexual
function by increasing blood flow into the penis
producing an erection.
• The drug Viagra sustains an erection by prolonging
activity of the NO response pathway.
Examples of Local Regulator

Fatty acids
local regulators
 Examples of Local Regulator

Prostaglandins are
Prostaglandins produced by many cell types
prostate gland and have varied activities
secretions that
contribute to
semen cells of the immune
placenta system

stimulate the
smooth muscles promote fever
of the female’s muscles of the uterus to and
inflammation
uterine wall to become more excitable,
contract, helping and also
helping to induce labor intensify the
sperm reach an
egg sensation of pain
 Prostaglandins In The Immune System

• Damaged tissues produce prostaglandins, which act as local regulators

of inflammation.
• Prostaglandins worsen pain by increasing nociceptor sensitivity to
harmful stimuli
• The anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects of aspirin and ibuprofen
are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by these drugs.
• Prostaglandins also help regulate the aggregation of platelets. Because
blood clots can cause a heart attack by blocking blood flow in vessels
that supply the heart. So people at risk for a heart attack take aspirin on
a regular basis.
• However, because prostaglandins also help maintain a protective lining
in the stomach, long-term aspirin therapy can cause debilitating
stomach irritation.
Coordination of Neuroendocrine
and Endocrine Signaling
Rokia Gharieb | Eman Hussni | Maadi STEM School | 3A
Neuroendocrine cells

The endocrine and

nervous systems act
coordinately to control
reproduction and
development
 Neuroendocrine cells in larva

• A butterfly larva grows in stages. Because its exoskeleton

cannot stretch , shedding the old exoskeleton and secreting
a new one.
• The are two main hormones that response for the growth of
the larva into butterfly ( metamorphoses )
1. Ecdysteroid
2. Juvenile
 Neuroendocrine cells in larva

originat prothoracicotropic
e in the neurosecretory hormone (PTTH)
brain cells polypeptide
neurohormone

triggers pair of
Release metamorphosis endocrine
of larva into glands behind
Ecdysteroid butterfly the brain
what determines when metamorphosis takes
place?

• Juvenile hormone modulates the activity of

ecdysteroid.
• level of juvenile hormone is high, ecdysteroid
stimulates larval molting.
• When the juvenile hormone level drops,
ecdysteroid produces the pupal form within
which metamorphosis occurs
Neuroendocrine cells in Human

The interaction between the hypothalamus and

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is an example of
the close working relationship between the nervous
and endocrine systems.
Cells in the hypothalamus called neuroendocrine
cells essentially function as both nerve cells and
endocrine cells, because they can generate nerve
impulses and secrete hormones into blood vessels.
 Neuroendocrine cells in Hypothalamus

• The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain

that serves as a homeostatic control center.
• It is an important link between the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
• The pituitary gland is sometimes called the
“master gland“ because it secretes eight different
hormones that in turn regulate many of the other
endocrine glands.
Neuroendocrine cells between Thalamus and
Pituitary Gland

hypothalamus

receives neural input produces two hormones

about certain internal monitors and controls
environmental the hormone secretions
conditions of the pituitary gland

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) oxytocin
 Neuroendocrine cells between Thalamus and
Pituitary Gland

• Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus have

axons that extend down the to the posterior
pituitary.
• hypothalamus is stimulated to release the
hormones (ADH) or oxytocin and transport them
down the axon for storage in the posterior
pituitary causing hormone to be secreted into
nearby capillaries then to the target cell