By Nipan Bhandar Kayastha

 An earthquake is the vibration of Earth

produced by the rapid release of accumulated
energy in elastically strained rocks.

 Figure 1:- Basic terminology used in the earthquake engineering

 The aim is also to focus on a few specific
techniques which may improve the state-of-
the-art of practice for the evaluation of seismic
vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete
building, masonry buildings and for their
seismic resistance by means of innovative
techniques such as -
 base isolation and
 energy dissipation
 Base Isolation Method:-

 REEDAND KIRCHER et al (1986) – He discuss a seismic

retrofit study on a five-story wood-frame building using two
different isolation system configurations; one with elastomeric
bearings and the other with flat sliding bearings.

 SAKAMOTO et al. (1990) –It present an experimental and

analytical study of a two-story Light-framed wood building
supported on a base isolation system
 Figure 2. Configuration of elastomeric bearings used in experimental wood building.
 Base Isolation Method:-

 REEDAND KIRCHER et al (1986) – He discuss a seismic

retrofit study on a five-story wood-frame building using two
different isolation system configurations; one with elastomeric
bearings and the other with flat sliding bearings.

 SAKAMOTO et al. (1990) –It present an experimental and

analytical study of a two-story Light-framed wood building
supported on a base isolation system
Figure 3. Plan view of wood-framed house showing location of sliding isolation
bearings
 Hotel Stockton, Stockton, Calif. et al. The renovation
included a seismic retrofit wherein a combination of
16 nonlinear viscous fluid dampers and four
viscoelastic fluid dampers were employed within
diagonal bracing at the first story

Figure4-(a) renovated Hotel Stockton; (b) view of installed

fluid viscoelastic damper.
Figure.6 - View of building without cladding showing
installed buckling-restrained braces
 Base Isolation Energy Dissipation Devices:-
 Masonry structures (IS-13828 1993)

Providing vertical reinforcement at important locations such

as corners, internal and external wall junctions as per code.

Grade of mortar should be as per codes specified for different

earthquake zones.

Irregular shapes should be avoided both in plan and vertical

configuration
In RCC framed structures the spacing of lateral ties should be
kept closer as per the code

The hook in the ties should be at 135 degree instead of 90

degree for better anchoragement.

The arrangement of lateral ties in the columns should be as per

code and must be continued through the joint as well.
 By constructing the building as per IS CODE such as
IS 1893-2002 along with the method (Base Isolation &
Energy Dissipation) the vulnerability of an earthquake
for a construction can be mitigated to a greater extent.

 So it is here that civil engineers in general and

structural engineers in particular have a great role to
play in mitigating the sufferings caused by earthquake
related disasters.
THANK YOU