Electrical Machine-II

EEN-287
(AC Machine)
Engr. Sobuj Kumar Ray
Faculty, BSEEE
IUBAT

1
 Types of AC Machine

Two Types:

(1) Synchronous Machine.

(2) Asynchronous Machine.

2
(1) Synchronous Machine:
The machine whose speed is alwaysconstant
with the increasing load.
Ex: Synchronous motor

(2) Asynchronous Machine:

The machine whose speed is not always
constant with the increasing load.
Ex: Induction motor, Alternator.
3
 Poly-phase ( 3-φ) Induction Motor

Construction:

Induction motor consists essentially

of two main parts

1. Stator
2. Rotor
4
Fig: 3-φ induction motor: cross section
5
6
 Stator:
 The stator consists of a cylindrical laminated &
slotted core placed in a frame of rolled or cast
steel.
 It carries a 3-phase winding and is fed from a 3-
phase supply.
 It is wound for a definite number of poses
(determined by the requirement of speed).
 Greater the number of poles, lesser the speed
and vice versa.

7
 Rotor:
The rotor consists of a laminated & slotted
core tightly pressed on the shaft.

There are two general types of rotors:

1. Squirrel-cage rotor
2. ‘Phase wound’ or ‘wound’ or ‘slip ring’ rotor.

Fig. Completely wound stator for an IM. Fig. Rotor for an IM. 8
 Squirrel-cage Rotor
The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core
with parallel slots for carrying the rotor
conductors which are not wires but consist of
heavy bars of copper, aluminium or alloys.
One bar is placed in each slot.
The rotor bars are brazed or electrically welded
or bolted to two heavy and stout short-circuited
end-rings, thus giving us, what is so
picturesquely called, a squirrel-case construction.

9
10
Q. Write down the significance of the name ‘squirrel-cage’ in case
of squirrel-cage rotor.
Phase wound Rotor
(‘Phase wound’ or ‘wound’ or ‘slip ring’ rotor): This rotor is provided
with 3-φ, double-layer, distributed winding.

Q. what is the significance of wound rotor?

11
 Contd.
• The rotor is wound for as many poles as the
umber of stator poles and is always wound 3-
phase even when the stator is wound two-phase.
• The three phases are starred internally. The other
three winding terminals are brought out and
connected to three insulated slip rings mounted
on the shaft with brushes resting on them.
• 3 brushes are further externally connected to a 3
phase star-connected rheostat.

12
Starting Resistance of Slip ring motor

13
 Production of Rotating Field:
( For 2-φ, and 3-φ supply)

 r      21 2 cos 
1
2 2
2
r  m(For 2- φ)
r  1.5m (For 3- φ)

B.L. Thereja. Art: 34.6 & 34.7

14
3-φ supply

15
 Why does the Rotor Rotate?
 3-φ stator winding is fed by 3-φ supply
 Rotating flux of const. magnitude produced
 Flux passes through air-gap & cuts rotor conductor
 An emf is induced in rotor conductor
 Since rotor bars or conductors from closed circuit, current flows
through rotor conductors whose direction, as given
by Lenz’s law, is such as to oppose the very cause producing it.
 In this case the cause of rotor current is the relative velocity
between the rotating stator flux & the stationary rotor conductors.
 Hence, to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts running in the
same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up with the
rotating flux.
Thus rotor of induction motor rotates
16
 Contd.

Fig. Rotation of Rotor of an IM.

17
 Write down the significance of the
name “Induction Motor”.
• In induction motor, no current is conducted to one
of the motor element (field or armature).
• The current in one of these elements results from
an induced voltage and for that reason it is called
Induction motor.
• Induction motors are somewhat referred to as
asynchronous(meaning not synchronous) machines.

18
Q. Why induction motor treated as a
rotating transformer?
 Transformer has two sides: primary & secondary
 Transformer transforms energy from primary to secondary
by induction
 Similarly, Induction motor has primary (stator) &
secondary (rotor)
 Voltage is induced in secondary by rotating flux of const.
magnitude i.e the process of induction
Thus induction motor treated as a rotating transformer.

Ref: B.L. Thereja. Art: 34.2

19
 Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed Ns
and the actual rotor speed Nr is known as slip. It is
usually expressed as a percentage of the
synchronous speed.
Ns  Nr
%s   100
Ns
Sometimes, (Ns - Nr) is called the slip speed.
So, the rotor speed Nr = Ns(1-s)

20
 Frequency of Rotor Current
• When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is
the same as the supply frequency.
• But when the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency
depends upon the relative speed or on slip-speed.
• Let at any slip speed, the frequency of the rotor' current be f’.
Then, 120 f
Ns  Nr 
p
120 f
Also Ns 
p
Dividing one by the other, we get,
f '
Ns  Nr
  s
f Ns
So rotor current frequency is f ’ =sf

21
Power Stages in an Induction Motor

Motor Mechanical
Rotor power
input in input, Rotor cu & developed
stator, Stator cu & P2 core losses in Rotor,
core losses
P1 Pm

Rotor
output, Friction and
Pout windage Loss

B.L Thereja; Art: 34.34 22

 Problems
1. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply
whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate:
a) The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.
b) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04.
c) The frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03.
d) The frequency of the rotor currents at standstill. [ Example: 34.3]

2. An 8-pole alternator runs at 750 r.p.m and supplies power to

a 6-pole induction motor which has at full-load a slip of 3%.
Find the full-load speed of the induction motor and the
frequency of its rotor e.m.f. [ Tutorial: 34.1/3]
3. In the case of an 8 pole induction motor, the supply
frequency was 50 Hz and the shaft speed was 735 rpm. Find
out i) synchronous speed, ii) speed of slip
iii) per unit slip iv) percentage sleep. [ Tutorial: 34.1/1]
4. Example 34.4 (H.W)
23
Relation between Torque and Rotor Power
factor
 For dc motor we know that, torque Ta∞ Φ Ia.
 Similarly in the case of induction motor, the torque is
proportional to the product of flux per stator pole &
rotor current. However there is one more factor that
has to be taken into account i.e. the power factor of
the rotor current.
Therefore, T∞Φ I2cos Φ2 => T=kΦ I2cos Φ2
Where, I2= rotor current at standstill
Φ2= angle between rotor emf and rotor current.
k= constant.

24
 Contd.
• Denoting rotor emf at standstill by E2 , we have
T∞E2I2cos Φ2
Or, T=k1E2I2cos Φ2
Where, k1 is another constant. And k  3
2N s
1

• The effect of rotor power

factor is Shown in fig
below. We get that if Φ2
increases the torque
decreases And vice versa.
• Fig. shows the torque
assuming resistive rotor.
25
 Starting Torque
• Torque developed at the instant of running is
called starting torque.
Let, E2= rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill;
R2 =rotor resistance/phase
X2 = rotor reactance/phase at standstill
Z2 = R2  X 2 =rotor
2 2
impedance/phase at standstill
E E R R
Then, I  2
2 Z
2 ;COS   2 
2 Z
2
2 ( R2  E 2) 2 (R2  E 2)
2 2 2 2

Standstill or starting torque Tst= k1E2I2 cos φ2

E R k E 2R
Or Tst  k E . 2 . 2  1 2 2
(R2  X 2) (R2  X 2) R22  X 22
1 2
2 2 2 2 26
 Contd.
If supply voltage V is constant, then the flux φ and hence E2
both are constant.
R R
So, Tst= k2 2 2  k2 22
2 where k2 is some other constant.
R X Z
2 2 2
3
Now k1=
2 s
E 2R
T  3 . 2 2
So, st 2N 2 2
s R X
2 2

27
Condition For Maximum Starting Torque
• It can be proved that starting torque is maximum
when rotor resistance equals rotor reactance.
We know that
k R
Tst  2 2
R2  X 2
2 2
 
dTst 
1 R (2 R ) 
So, k    2 2  0
dR 2  R 2  X 2 ( R 2  X 2 )2 
2  2 2 2 2 

 R 2  X 2  2R 2
2 2 2
R  X
2 2

28
 Starting Torque of Squirrel- Cage
Motor
 Resistance is fixed & small compared to the reactance
 Frequency equals to supply frequency at starting
 impedance small, current I2 is large & lags by a very
large angle behind E2
 For large power factor angle, the power factor becomes
very low.
 Hence Starting torque will be small
 This motor is not useful where the motor has to start
against heavy loads.

29
Starting Torque of Slip-ring Motor
 By improving power factor, starting torque increase
 Adding external resistance in rotor circuit from star
connected rheostat, impedance increase
 impedance Z2 large, current I2 is small
 Current I2 lags by small angle behind E2
 For low power factor angle, power factor becomes
large.
 So, starting torque will be large
 This motor is useful where the motor has to start
against heavy loads.
30
Effect of Change in Supply Voltage on Starting
Torque 2
k1 E2 R2
• We know that Tst  2
R2  X 22
Now E2 Vs
k3vs2 R2 k3Vs2 R2
Therefore Tst  R 2  X 2  Z 2
2 2 2
Where k3 is yet another constant.
Hence T st  V s
2

• Clearly, the torque is very sensitive to any changes in

the supply voltage. A change of 5% in supply
voltage, for example, will produce a change of
approximately 10% in the rotor torque.

31
 Rotor EMF and Reactance Under Running
Conditions
 Let E2= Standstill rotor induced e.m.f./phase
X2 = Standstill rotor reactance/phase,
f2 = rotor current frequency at standstill
 When rotor is stationary then slip s=1 and frequency of
rotor e.m.f. is same that of stator supply frequency.
 Under running condition, rotor e.m.f. Er = sE2
Frequency of the induced emf fr =sf2
Due to the decrease in frequency of the rotor emf, the
rotor reactance Xr=sX2
32
 Torque Under Running Condition
Let, Er= rotor e.m.f. per phase under running condition
Ir =rotor current/phase under running condition
Now Er  sE 2
Er sE 2
 Ir  
Zr R 2
2  ( sX 2 ) 2 
R2
cos 2 
R2
2  ( sX 2 ) 2 
Since TEr I r cos 2  TI r cos 2
sE2 R2 ksE2 R2
 T 2  2
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2
k1sE 22 R2
Also T  2 ( E2  )
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2
33
 Contd.
3
Where k1 is another constant and k1 
2N s
3 sE22 R2
So, we get , T   2 C
2N s R2  ( sX 2 ) 2

Z2
2
3 sE R sX2
  2 2
2N s Z 2
r A
Φ2
B
R2
And at standstill when s=1, obviously

k1 E22 R2  3 E22 R2 
Tst  2  Or ,   
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2   2

2 
 2 N s R2 X 2 

34
 Condition for maximum Torque Under
Running Conditions
The torque of a rotor under running condition is
ksE2 R2 sE22 R2
T 2  k1 2
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2
R2  ( sX 2 ) 2 …………………..(1)

The condition for maximum torque may be obtained by

differentiating the above expression w.r.t. slip s and then
putting it equal to zero. However, it is simpler to put
1
Y and then differentiating it.
T

35
 Contd.
R22  ( sX 2 ) 2
2
R2 sX 2
Y    ;
ksE 2 R2 ksE 2 kE2 R2
 R2
2
dY X2
  0
ds ks E2
2
kE2 R2
2
R2 X2
 
ks E2
2
kE2 R2
 R22  sX 22
 R2  sX 2
R2
Slip corresponding to maximum torque is s
X2
So, maximum torque from equation (1) is
E22
Tmax  k1
2X 2
36
 Relation Between Torque and Slip
• A family of torque/slip curves is shown in fig.1 below
for a range of s=0 to s=1 with R2 as the parameter.
We know that
ksE 2 R2
T 2
R2  (sX 2 ) 2
• When s=0, T=0, hence the curve starts from point 0.
• At normal speeds, close to synchronism, the term
(sX2) is small and hence negligible w.r.t. R2.
s
 T
R2
 Ts If R2 is const.
37
 Contd.
• For low value of s, the
curve is approx. a straight
line.
• As s increases (for
increasing motor load),
the torque increases and
becomes maximum at
s=R2/X2. This torque is
known as “pull-out” or
“breakdown” torque or,
stalling torque.

38
 Contd.
• As the slip is increased further, R2 becomes
negligible as compared to (sX2). Thus for large value
of slip s 1
T 
( sX 2 ) 2 s
• Beyond the point of Tmax , any further increase in
motor load results in decrease of torque developed.
Thus the motor slows down and eventually stops.
• The stable operation of the motor lies between the
values of s=0 and that corresponding to maximum
torque as shown by the orange shaded region.

39
 Effect of Change in Supply Frequency on
Speed & Torque

 The major effect of change in supply frequency is on

motor speed
 If frequency drops by 10%, speed also drops 10%
 If machine tools & motor-driven equipment for 50 Hz
supply connected to 60 Hz supply;
 Then; everything runs (60  50)  100% = 20% faster
than the normal. 50
 In such case, we have to use either gears to reduce
motor speed or an expensive 50 Hz source
40
 Q. How can a 50 Hz motor operate
satisfactory on 60 Hz supply?
Ans:
The condition for operating a motor in any
V
supply frequency is f should be constant
at all times.

When a 50 Hz motor is operated on 60 Hz

supply frequency then its terminal voltage is
60
increased to  100% =120% of rated supply
50

41
Q. How can a 60 Hz motor operate satisfactory
on 50 Hz supply?
The condition for operating a motor in any
supply frequency is V f
should be constant
at all times.
When a 60 Hz motor is operated on 50 Hz
supply frequency then the speed will
decrease 16.66 %.
To operate the motor satisfactorily its
50
terminal voltage is reduced to  100%
60
=83.33% of rated supply
42
Relation Between Full-Load Torque & Maximum
Torque
K1S f E2 R2
Tf = 2 2

R2  S f X 2 
K 1 E 2
Tmax =
2X 2 R2
2S f
Tf 2 S f X 2 R2 X2
  
R  S f X 2 
2 2
Tmax 2
 R2 
2
 
 X  Sf
2

 2 
Tf 2aS f R2
  If, a
a  Sf X2
2 2
Tmax 43
 Relation Between Starting Torque & Maximum
Torque
2
k1 E R2 k1 E22
 Tst  2 2
; Tmax 
R2   X 2 
2 2X 2
R2
2
Tst 2 X 2 R2 X2
 2 
 Tmax R2  X 2
2
 R2 
2

   1
Tst 2a  X2 
  2 If, a 
R2
Tmax a  1 X2
Math: B.L Thereja; Example: 34.15(a), 34.16, 34.24
(V.V.I) 44
Torque-Speed Curve

45
 Three regions in torque-speed curve:

1) Plugging (braking) region (1<s<2)

Rotor rotates opposite to direction of air gap flux. Can
happen, for example, if stator supply phase sequence
reversed while rotor is moving.

2) Motoring region (0<s<1)

Te=0 at s=0. As s increases (speed decreases),Te
increases until max. torque (breakdown) is reached.
Beyond this point, Te decreases with increasing s.

3) Regenerating Region (s<0)

Here the induction machine acts as a generator. Rotor
moves faster than air gap flux resulting in negative slip.

46
 Plugging of an Induction Motor
 An induction motor can be quickly stopped by simply
interchanging any of its two stator leads.

 It reverses the direction of the revolving flux which

produces a torque in the reverse direction, thus
applying brake on the motor.

 This procedure of quickly stopping of induction motor

by changing supply leads is called plugging of an
induction motor.
47
 Starting of Induction Motors
• A plain Induction motor is similar in action to
a polyphase transformer.
• So it takes high current (almost 5 to 7 times of
full load current while starting.

48
 Methods for starting of Induction
motors
• Squirrel Cage Motor
– Primary Resistors (or, rheostat) or reactors
– Auto Transformer (or autostarter
– Star-Delta Switches

For Slip ring motor

- Rotor Rheostat

49
Primary Resistors
Their purpose is to drop
some voltage and hence
reduce the voltage
applied across the motor
terminals. In this way the
initial current drawn by
the motor is reduced.

50
Auto-Transformer

• With 2 auto
transformers in
open delta
connection.

51
Contd.

By using 3 auto
transformers.

52
53