 Cont...

Shell Commands
1. Root > user
• Switch to other user account 2. / > Partition
$echo Δ $PATH 3. /root > Folder
$su – Δ username

© Samantha Indika
switch the user
Password database
Switch environment
www.lastpast.com

$su Δ – Δ root Issues in Internet Cafe

Or Use FireFox portable version
Linux Live CD
$su Δ –
#exit
Password not required
Root Normal account or user

Password required

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(Certificate), MCS (SL), MCITP, MCTS, MCSE + Security + Messaging,
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  Cont... Shell Commands
• File/Folder searching commands
GUI – Places > Search for files
$locate Δ –i Δ objectname ; in case sensitive name

$locate Δ –i Δ splash.xpm.gz
$locate Δ –i Δ grub.conf
$locate Δ –i Δ splash
© Samantha Indika
Locate Database
This will get a snapshot of the entire
hard disk when computer starts and
store in locate database.

Tab1 Tab2
$mkdir Δ ratmalana $su Δ - Δ root
$locate Δ –i Δ ratmalana Password ; 123456
No result #updatedb
$locate Δ –i Δ ratmalana
Output found

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  Cont... Shell Commands
TAB2
#find Δ location Δ search parameter Δ object parameter

© Samantha Indika
Ex: entire root Ex: incase Ex: file’s name or part of the
partition sensitive name file’s name
/ -iname

Ex: specific folder By size Ex: size of the object

/etc -size
/boot
Home folder

~ can do as a normal user

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Ex: splash.xpm.gz
#find / -iname splash.xpm.gz

© Samantha Indika
Ex: grub.conf
#find / -iname grub.conf

Ex: splash
#find Δ /Δ –iname Δ splash
#find Δ /Δ –iname Δ splash*
#find Δ /Δ –iname Δ *splash
#find Δ /Δ –iname Δ *splash*

#find Δ / Δ –iname Δ ratmalana

#find Δ ~ Δ –iname Δ ratmalana

$find Δ / Δ -iname Δ ratmalana

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  Cont... Shell Commands
• TAB2 (root)
Search for all objects larger than 15MB in ‘/’ partition
#find Δ / Δ -size Δ +15M

© Samantha Indika
More MB
than Reference Link
Tingyurl.com/findcmd

TAB1
To locate system objects
To locate sytem configuration files/system commands and their manuals.
Ex: fstab Ex : mkdir
#whereis Δ fstab #whereis Δ mkdir

Only root
To locate system commands
Ex: mkdir
#which Δ mkdir
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 Cont... Shell Commands
Command Types

© Samantha Indika
Internal External
in-built to BASH
Ex: cd Ex; mkdir
#type Δ cd #type Δ mkdir

-To see all internal commands

#help

• Mounting commands (To access storage devices in command-line]

Only root
System > Administration > System Monitor> File System
/dev/sda2/

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Tab2
#root
Create a mount point > An empty folder
Old system

© Samantha Indika
/mnt ;
#mkdir Δ /media/mymount
New system
Any name /media
#ls Δ /media
#ls Δ-l Δ /media/cd*
#ls Δ -l Δ /media/mymount

Mounting
Loading the data structure of a storage device into a mount point

Optical media (CD/DVD)

#mount Δ /dev/cdrom / Δ media/mymount

where is the media to mount point

mount (device to mount) /dev/cdrom > hda
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/dev/cdrom /dev/cdrom > hdb
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/dev/cdrecorder
 Cont... Shell Commands
#ls Δ /media/mymount

Umount

© Samantha Indika
• Before you takeout or unplug any mounted device be sure to un-mount it properly.
• You can’t be in the mount point.

#umount Δ /media/mymount

Mount point

#eject
#ls Δ –l Δ /media/mymount

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Floppy
#mount Δ /dev/floppy / Δ media/mymount

© Samantha Indika
Device mount point

#ls Δ –l Δ /dev/fl*

Before you take out the floppy

#umount Δ /media/mymount

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Mounting partitions in hard disk drive
(IDE, SATA, USB Pen drive, USB HDD)

© Samantha Indika
HDD

IDE SCSI USB

PATA SATA

had, hdb, hdc, hdd sda, sdb, sdc, sdd

IDE - Integrated development environment

SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
USB - Universal Serial Bus
SATA - Serial ATA
PATA – Parallel ATA Prepared by : Samantha Indika | MCT, ACS, CEH, CCNA, BCS
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 Cont... Shell Commands
#fdisk Δ –l

list

© Samantha Indika
The following cannot be mounted
1. Swap partition
2. Extended partition but we can mount logical partitions with in the extended partitions
3. Linux LVM partition but we can mount logical volumes with in the LVM mounts
4. Software RAID partitions but we can mount RAID devices created combing the software
RAID partitions
5. Windows NTFS partitions : but later we can install windows drivers

-Linux (ext3)
-linux LVM
-raid
-HPFS (MS old name)/NTFS (Ms new Name)
-vfat (Extended W95 Extended, if it creates in Windows)

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Mounting standard partitions
• Linux [ext3]
• vfat, [FAT16/FAT32]

© Samantha Indika
• hpfs/ntfs

#mount Δ /dev/hdaX Δ /media/mymount

partition number mount point

#ls Δ /media/mymount

Mounting LVM partitions (Linux LVM)

Verify logical volumes within LVM

#lvdisplay
#mount Δ /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 Δ /media/mymount

LV Name Mount point

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#ls Δ /media/mymount 12
 Cont... Shell Commands
Mounting RAID partitions (Linux raid auto detect)

© Samantha Indika
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks )
RAID is a technology that provides increased storage functions and reliability through
redundancy . This is achieved by combining multiple disk drive components into a logical unit,
where data is distributed across the drives in one of several ways called "RAID levels".

RAID is now used as an umbrella term for computer data storage schemes that can divide and
replicate data among multiple disk drives.

The various designs of RAID systems involve two key goals: increase data reliability and
increase input/output performance.

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 Cont... Shell Commands
Standard levels

© Samantha Indika
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 Cont... Shell Commands
Standard levels

© Samantha Indika
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 Cont... Shell Commands
Verify raid devices
#cat Δ /proc/mdstat

© Samantha Indika
Ex :
Md0
md1
md2
md3

#mount Δ /dev/md0 Δ /media/mymount

RAID device

#ls Δ /media/mymount

If the hard drive is a portable drive be sure to unmounts the partitions before you unplug the
device.
IF it is a fixed hard drive you can either unmounts Prepared
partitions manually
by : Samantha Indika |or they
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 Cont... Shell Commands
Object capacity measuring commands
Full device capacity
The device must be mounted before measuring the capacity

© Samantha Indika
$df Δ –hT

Disk File Type of file

System human system
readable
$df Δ –hT Δ mount point

$df Δ –hT Δ /

$df Δ –hT Δ /media/mymount

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 Cont... Shell Commands
File/Folder capacity
If the file is in the current directory just give the file name otherwise you have to give the file
path/file name.

© Samantha Indika
$du Δ –h Δ file path/file name

disk human
usage readable

$du Δ –h Δ /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz

Folder
Current folder Different folder
$du Δ –hs $du Δ –hs Δ /etc

summery

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 Cont... Shell Commands
System information commands
Root
#uname Δ - -help

© Samantha Indika
#uname Δ –s ; kernal name
#uname Δ –n ; node name
#uname Δ –r ; kernal-release
#uname Δ –v ; kernal-version
#uname Δ –m ; i686 > PII or higher
#uname Δ -p ; i686 > Multiple cores
#uname Δ –i ; i386 > 32bit OS
x86_64 > 64bit OS
#uname Δ –o ; Gnu/Linux > OS

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 Cont... Shell Commands
System information commands
CPU information
#cat Δ /proc/cpuinfo

© Samantha Indika
RAM information
Full information
#cat Δ /proc/meminfo

Less information
#free
#free Δ -m

MB
PCI Configuration
#lspci
#lspci Δ –v Δ | Δ more

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#dmidecode Δ | Δ more
 Cont... Shell Commands
User and Group Management commands

User Types

© Samantha Indika
System Normal

• Automatically created by OS • Additional users created by

and Software root user
Eg : root • Non admin
• Only root user can login and
work
• For functioning system
servers properly

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 Cont... Shell Commands
User Account DB
#cat Δ /etc/passwd Δ | Δ more

© Samantha Indika
UID (User ID)
0 - 499 = System
60,001 - and up = System
500 - 60,000 = Normal

#id Δ username
#id Δ user1
#id Δ root

Creating new user

User name (login name) is case sensitive
#useradd Δ username
#useradd Δ nimal
Or
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#adduser Δ user2
#adduser Δ user3
 Cont... Shell Commands
Password
#passwd Δ username
#passwd Δ nimal

© Samantha Indika
New unix password:
If the password is BAD, it will give a warning
Retype the password:

Single seesion login

• One user can be logged in locally at a time.
• Current user must be logged out if a new user wants to login

#exit
Or
#logout
Or
Ctrl + D
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 Cont... Shell Commands
Multi session login
• Multiple users can be logged in locally at a time.

© Samantha Indika
tty1 Ctrl + Alt + F1
tty2 Ctrl + Alt + F2
tty3 Ctrl + Alt + F3
tty4 Ctrl + Alt + F4
CLI
tty5 Ctrl + Alt + F5
tty6 Ctrl + Alt + F6
:0 Ctrl + Alt + F7 GUI
Pts/1 Terminal in GUI

All users logged in

#who

Which command session

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 Cont... Shell Commands
How to change your own password as normal linux users
$passwd

© Samantha Indika
Current Password:
New Password :
If the Password is BAD
New Password :
If the password is Good
Retype new password :
New Password :

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(Certificate), MCS (SL), MCITP, MCTS, MCSE + Security + Messaging,
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 Cont... Shell Commands
How to change the password properties of a user
Logging to root
Ctrl + F2

© Samantha Indika
User Name : root
Password : 123456

#chage Δ –l Δ username
#chage Δ –l Δ nimal

List
#chage Δ nimal

Minimum Password Age [0] : press Enter

Maximum Password Age [99999] : 30
Last Password Change (YYYY-MM-DD) [2011-03-14]:2011-03-14
Password Expiration Warning [7] : 7
Password inactive [-1] : 7 Prepared by : Samantha Indika | MCT, ACS, CEH, CCNA, BCS
Account Expiration date [YYYY-MM-DD] [1969-12-31] : 2011-03-14
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Unix developed date

 Cont... Shell Commands
How to lock and unlock user accounts
To view user password

© Samantha Indika
#cat Δ /etc/shadow
nimal:$1$ …../ …………….

Encrypted Properties
Password
To lock
#passwd Δ –l Δ username
#passwd Δ –l Δ nimal

Lock

#cat Δ /etc/shadow
nimal:!!$1$ …../ …………….

Locked

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(Certificate), MCS (SL), MCITP, MCTS, MCSE + Security + Messaging,
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 Cont... Shell Commands
To unlock
#passwd Δ –u Δ username
#passwd Δ –u Δ nimal

© Samantha Indika
Unlock

#cat Δ /etc/shadow
How to reset a user’s password as root
#passwd Δ username
#passwd Δ nimal

How to force a user to change his password

#chage Δ –d Δ 0 Δ username
#chage Δ –d Δ 0 Δ nimal

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(Certificate), MCS (SL), MCITP, MCTS, MCSE + Security + Messaging,
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