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Reference: Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert Guide By WENDELL ODOM
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Agenda
Subnet Mask Formats
Binary
Dotted-decimal notation (DDN)
Prefix (also called CIDR)
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Agenda
Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks
Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts
Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts
Classless and Classful Addressing
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Subnet Mask Formats
Subnet masks can be represented in three different formats
Binary
Dotted-decimal notation (DDN)
Prefix (also called CIDR)
Binary
Subnet masks can be written as 32-bit binary numbers
according to the following rules:
If 1s exist, they are on the left
If 0s exist, they are on the right
The value must not interleave 1s and 0s
E.g. 10101010 01010101 11110000 00001111 is illegal because the
value interleaves 0s and 1s
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Subnet Mask Formats
Dotted-decimal notation (DDN)
DDN converts each set of 8 bits into the decimal
equivalent
For example;
binary mask 11111111 00000000 00000000
00000000 can be converted to DNN as 255.0.0.0
Prefix (also called CIDR)
This format was introduced in in the early 1990s
This format takes advantage of the rule that the subnet
mask starts with some number of 1s, and then the rest of
the digits are 0s. Prefix format lists a slash (/) followed by
the number of binary 1s in the binary mask
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Subnet Mask Formats
E.g. the prefix equivalent of 255.0.0.0 is /8
CIDR stands for classless inter domain routing
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Subnet Mask Conversion
Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks
Binary to Prefix
Count the number of binary 1s in the binary mask, and write
the total, in decimal, after a /
Prefix to Binary
Write P binary 1s, where P is the prefix value, followed by as
many binary 0s as required to create a 32-bit number
Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks
Binary to Decimal
Organize the bits into four sets of eight. For each octet, find
the binary value in the table (on next slide) and write down
the corresponding decimal value
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Subnet Mask Conversion
Decimal to Binary
For each octet, find the decimal value in the table and write
down the corresponding 8-bit binary value
Memorize the contents of table given below for the
conversion process
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Subnet Mask Conversion
E.g. in 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 ; 11111111 maps to
255, 11000000 maps to 192 and 00000000 maps to 0 thus
mask in DDN is 255.255.192.0
Converting Between Prefix and DNN Masks
To convert between the prefix-to-decimal formats is to
first convert to binary
To move from decimal-to-prefix, first convert decimal to
binary and then from binary to prefix
For the exams, set a goal to master these conversions
doing the math in your head
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Subnet Mask Conversion
Figure shows an example with a prefix-to-decimal
conversion. The left side shows the conversion to binary
as an interim step
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Exercise Subnet Mask Conversion
11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000
In Prefix; /18
In DDN
For first octet
Row1 264 232 216 28 24 22 21 20
Row2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Add Row2 columns whose bit value is 1 in octet row
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 255
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Exercise Subnet Mask Conversion
255.255.255.252
In Binary
1st octet
For 2nd and 3rd octets result will be the same as of 1st octet
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Exercise Subnet Mask Conversion
For 4th octet
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Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using 1/4
Masks
Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts
The subnet mask subdivides the IP addresses in a subnet
into two parts: the prefix, or subnet part, and the host
part
IP addresses in the same subnet have the same value in
the prefix part (subnet part) of their addresses
The host part of an address identifies the host uniquely
inside the subnet
The subnet mask defines the dividing line between the
prefix and the host part
The concept is shown graphically in figure
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Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using 2/4
Masks
Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts
When we apply the Class A, B and C rules to the address,
this divides the prefix into two parts: network and subnet
part
The combined network and subnet parts act like the
prefix because all addresses in the same subnet must
have identical values in the network and subnet parts
Figure shows the same example as in the previous section
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Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using 3/4
Masks
Classless and Classful Addressing
Classful addressing means that you think about Class A, B,
and C rules, so the prefix is separated into the network and
subnet parts
Classless addressing means that you ignore the Class A, B,
and C rules and treat the prefix part as one part
When you see the words classless and classful, be careful to
note the context: addressing, routing, or routing protocols
After you know how to break an address down using both
classless and classful addressing rules, you can easily
calculate a couple of important facts using some basic math
formulas
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Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using 4/4
Masks
First for any subnet, after you know the number of host bits,
you can calculate the number of host IP addresses in the
subnet (2H-2)
Second if you know the number of subnet bits (using classful
addressing concepts) and you know that only one subnet
mask is used throughout the network, you can also calculate
the number of subnets in the network (2s)
Figure shows the relationship between /P, N, S, and H
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Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address 1/4
Format
For any subnet, after you know the number of host bits, you can
calculate the number of host IP addresses in the subnet
Next, if you know the number of subnet bits (using classful
addressing concepts) and you know that only one subnet mask is
used throughout the network, you can also calculate the number
of subnets in the network
Hosts in the subnet
2H – 2, where H is the number of host bits
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Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address 2/4
Format
To find all the information about specific IP address
(8.1.4.5) and subnet mask (255.255.0.0) follow the
following steps:
1. Convert mask to prefix format
1st octet
Row1 264 232 216 28 24 22 21 20
Row2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Add different combo of Row2 columns till we get the
value of octet, in question then place 1 for each
column you added in octet column
128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255
Octet 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address 3/4
Format
3rd octet
Row1 264 232 216 28 24 22 21 20
Row2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Add different combo of Row2 columns till we get the
value of octet, in question then place 1 for each
column you added in octet column
0= 0
Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address 4/4
Format
2. Determine N based on the class
8 is in the range of Class A, so N = 8
3. Determine S
S = P-N = 16-8 = 8
4. Determine H
H = 32 – P = 32 – 16 = 16
5. Calculate hosts per subnet
2H-2 = 216 – 2 = 65,534 hosts/subnet
6. Calculate number of subnets
2s = 28 = 256 subnets
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Exercise Calculations Based on the IPv4 1/3
Address Format
IP address 130.4.102.1, mask 255.255.255.0
1. Convert mask to binary
For 1st, 2nd and 3rd octet
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Exercise Calculations Based on the IPv4 2/3
Address Format
For 4th octet
Row1 264 232 216 28 24 22 21 20
Row2 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Add different combo of Row2 columns till we get the
value of octet, in question then place 1 for each
column you added in octet column
0= 0
Octet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Note
Before moving forward you should be able to
find— the size of the three parts (N, H and S),
plus the formulas to calculate the number of
subnets and hosts— in around 15 seconds
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