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www.physics.rutgers.edu/~wdwu/351/Lecture11.ppt
Carnot Cycle
- is not very practical (too slow), but operates at the maximum efficiency allowed by
the Second Law.
dU 0 TdS PdV
entropy
T
2 3
T2
T1 4
1
V1 V2
Efficiency of Stirling Engine
In the Stirling heat engine, a working substance, which may be assumed to be an
ideal monatomic gas, at initial volume V1 and temperature T1 takes in “heat” at
constant volume until its temperature is T2, and then expands isothermally until its
volume is V2. It gives out “heat” at constant volume until its temperature is again T1
and then returns to its initial state by isothermal contraction. Calculate the efficiency
and compare with a Carnot engine operating between the same two temperatures.
Q12 CV T2 T1
nRT2 T1 0
3
T 1-2 W12 0
2 3 2
T2 V
V2 V2
dV
2-3 Q23 PdV nRT2 nRT2 ln 2 0 Q23 W23
V1 V1
V V1
T1
Q34 CV T1 T2 nRT1 T2 0
4 3
1 3-4 W34 0
2
V1
V1 V1
dV
V1 V2
4-1 Q 41 V PdV nRT 1
V2
V
nRT1 ln 0 Q41 W41
V2
2
isochoric heating
Patm 0 34 isentropic expansion
1
intake/exhaust 4 1 0 exhaust
V2 V1 V
Otto cycle (cont.)
V2 - maximum cylinder volume
V1 - minimum cylinder volume
1
V2 T1 V2
The efficiency: e 1 1 V1
- the compression ratio
(Pr. 4.18) V1 T2 = 1+2/f - the adiabatic exponent
For typical numbers V1/V2 ~8 , ~ 7/5 e = 0.56, (in reality, e = 0.2 – 0.3)
(even an “ideal” efficiency is smaller than the second law limit 1-T1/T3)
3
P S
ignition
3 Q0 4
S1
2 QH
4
QC
exhaust
Patm 0 S2 2 Q0
1 1
intake/exhaust
V2 V1 V V2 V1 V
Diesel engine
Qc
e 1 (Pr. 4.20)
Qh
1 1
1 2 : adiabatic, TV
1 1 T V
2 2
f 2
2 3: isobaric, Qh nR T3 T2
2
3 4 : adiabatic, T3V3 1 T4V4 1
f
4 1: isochoric, V4 V1 , Qc nR T4 T1
2
V2
e 1
1
1
V3
V2 1
V1 V3
V2 1
Steam engine (Rankine cycle)
Water+steam
heat
condense V
Water+steam
heat
condense V
H 4 H1 H H1
e 1 1 4 4.12
Condenser H3 H2 H 3 H1
QC
Here H2 H1 , water is almost incompressible.
cold reservoir, TC
S3 S4 S3gas x S4gas 1 x S4liquid
H 4 x H 4gas 1 x H 4liquid
Kitchen A liquid with suitable characteristics (e.g., Freon) circulates
through the system. The compressor pushes the liquid
Refrigerator through the condenser coil at a high pressure (~ 10 atm).
The liquid sprays through a throttling valve into the
evaporation coil which is maintained by the compressor at
a low pressure (~ 2 atm).
condenser
P processes
2 at P = const,
liquid
3
Q=dH
throttling
valve
compressor
4 1
cold reservoir gas
(fridge interior) liquid+gas
T=50C
evaporator V
QC H1 H 4 H H4
COP 1
QH QC H 2 H 3 H1 H 4 H 2 H1
The enthalpies Hi can be found in tables.
hot reservoir H 3 H 4 , H 3liquid x H 4liquid 1 x H 4gas
(fridge exterior)
T=250C S2 S1 T2 H 2 T2 , P2