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Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1024 Mathematics II
Chapter 1
Matrices and System
of Linear Equations
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Mathematics II
Content
1.1 Introduction

1.2 Operations

1.3 Inverse matrices

1.4 System of linear equations

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Mathematics I
1.1 Introduction

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Mathematics II
Definition
• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of
numbers, usually enclosed in parentheses ( )
or square brackets [ ].
• The size of a matrix is specified by the
notation m  n, where m is the number of
rows, n is the number of columns.
 a11 a12  a1n 
  The element in the row i and
 a 21 a22  a2 n 
column j of a matrix is
      denoted as a .
  ij
a  amn  mn
 m1 am 2
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Mathematics II
Introduction
 Order of matrix (m  n)

 Type of matrices
 Square matrix
 Null matrix
 Identity matrix
 Symmetric matrix
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Mathematics II
Order of a Matrix (mn)

The order of a matrix with m number of rows


and n number of columns is given by an
expression mn.

Example: A matrix of order 24

1 3 5 7  row
 
5 0 2 4
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Mathematics II
Order of a Matrix (mn)
Examples:
 3 11 matrix

1 3 7  13 matrix (row matrix)


 2
  21 matrix (column matrix)
 3
 3
  31 matrix (column matrix)
5
 2
 
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Mathematics II
Square Matrix
• An n  n matrix which has the same
number of rows as columns is said to be a
square matrix.
Example:
 2 4
C  
6 8
is a square matrix of order 2  2.
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Mathematics II
The Null Matrix
• When every elements of a matrix is zero, it is
called the null matrix or zero matrix, and is
commonly denoted as .
Example,
0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
  ,   
0 0 0 0  0 0 0 23
 
0 0 0 0 44
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Mathematics II
The Identity Matrix
• When every element of the major diagonal of a
square matrix is 1, it is known as an identity
matrix or unit matrix, denoted by I.
Example,
1 0 0
 
I  0 1 0 Note:
0 0 1 0 0 1
 33   is not an
 0 1 0  identity matrix
1 0 0
 
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Mathematics II
Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix A is a matrix AT where
 the rows of A becomes columns of AT.
 the columns of A becomes rows of AT.
If A is of order mn, then AT has order nm.
Examples:
 1 4
1 2 3  from  
A 
T
 A   2 5
 4 5 6 3 6
 
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Mathematics II
The Symmetric Matrix
First Definition:
• If the square matrix remains unchanged when it
is reflected about the major diagonal, it is
known as a symmetric matrix.
Example,
 1 2 3 
 
S  2 1 7 
 3 7 4 
 33
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Mathematics II
Symmetric Matrix
Alternative Definition:
A square matrix is considered symmetric if and
only if it is equal to its transpose, i.e. A = AT.
Example:  1 3 2
 
 3 8 5
2 5 9 

In a symmetric matrix, aij  a ji
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Mathematics II
Symmetric Matrix
Example:
 4 2 3 
 
A 7 1 2 
 3 7 4 
 
is not a symmetric matrix as A  A .
T

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Mathematics II
Equality of Matrices

Two matrices are equal if


• the order of the matrices are the same, and
• the corresponding elements in the two matrices
are equal.

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Mathematics II
Example 1
Given that A  B, find the values of x, y and z.

1 8 7 1 yx 7
   
A  0 4 3 B  0 x3 3
0 1  z 1 
 0  0

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Mathematics II
1.2 Operations

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Mathematics II
Operations

 Addition and Subtraction


Division of a matrix
 Multiplication by a scalar by another matrix is
undefined.

 Product of two matrices

 Associative Law: ( A  B)  C  A  ( B  C )
ABC  ( AB)C  A( BC )
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Mathematics II
Compatible Matrix
• Two matrices are said to be compatible
for addition or subtraction if they are
of the same order m  n.

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Mathematics II
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

 a11 a12   b11 b12   a11  b11 a12  b12 


       
 a 21 a 22   b21 b22   a 21  b21 a 22  b22 

For any matrices A, B and C of the same order,


A+B=B+A - Commutative Law
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) - Associative Law

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Mathematics II
Example 2

1 2  4   1 0 2
A   B 
0 3  1   1  5 3
Find A + B and B –A.

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Mathematics II
Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix
• When a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar, r, it
means that each element in matrix A is
multiplied by r.
For example, find

 2 1 
2 
 3  5

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Mathematics II
Compatible Matrix
• Two matrices are said to be compatible for (or
conformational to) multiplication if the
number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second
matrix.

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Mathematics II
Product of Two Matrices

If A is a r s matrix, B is a s t matrix, and


P = AB, then the order of P is r t .
Hence,
A B produces a r  t matrix
rs st

B  A cannot be multiplied.
st rs

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Mathematics II
Product of Two Matrices
The product of two matrices is the sum of the
product of elements of rows in the first matrix
multiplied by the respective elements of the
columns in the second matrix.
col 1 col 2
row 1
row 1
 a b  e g   ae  bf ag  bh 
   
 c d  f h   ce  df cg  dh 

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Mathematics II
Example 3
Compute the product AB and BA.
 3 8  9  1
A  B 
 3  10 4 2 
Note: Generally AB  BA
.
Matrix multiplication is not commutative.

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Mathematics II
Example 4
Show that AC = BC.
1 3  2 4  1 2
A  , B  , C 
 0 1  2 3  1 2 

Note: We cannot cancel the matrix C and


conclude A = B. This is equivalent to
dividing one matrix by another.

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Mathematics II
The matrix An
For any matrix A , the product AA is only
possible if the number of rows and number of
columns of A are equal , i.e. AA exists only if A
is a square matrix. We can write
A 2 = AA , A3 = AAA
An = AAAA……A ( n times)

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Mathematics II
Product of Identity Matrix
The product of an identity matrix, , and any given
square matrix A of the same order is equal to A.
A=A
A=A
Multiplication with identity matrix is commutative.

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Mathematics II
Example 5

 1 3  2 3 1 
If A    and B   ,
 2 2   4 0 3 
determine if the products AB and BA exist.
If the product exists, find the resulting matrix.

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Mathematics II
Example 5

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Mathematics II
Example 6
4 0
 2 3 1   
If A    and B   3 2  ,
 4 0 3   1 2 
 
find the AB and BA. Hence, deduce that
AB  BA.

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Mathematics II
Example 6 Solution

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Mathematics II
Example 7
Matrix A and B are given as
5 0 0   1 0 0 
   
A   6 14 0  and B   2 4 0 
 6 3 11  2 1 3 
   
i) Determine if the matrices A and B obey the
commutative law for multiplication.
ii) If m and n are real numbers such that A  mB  nI
where I is an identity matrix, find the values of m and n.

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Mathematics II
Example 7 Solution

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Mathematics II
Determinant of 2  2 Matrix
a b
Given a matrix A   
c d
The determinant of matrix A, A , is :

A  a d  bc
5 7 
e.g. the determinant of the matrix  2  3  is
 
5 7
 5  (3)  7  2  29
2 3
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Mathematics II
Example 8
 2 1 1 4 
If A    and B    , find
  3 4 3  2
(i) AB (ii) A
(iii) B (iv) AB
Determine if AB  A B

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Mathematics II
Example 8 Solution

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Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
 a11 a12 a13 
 
Given a matrix : A   a21 a22 a23 
a a33 
 31 a32
 a22 a23 
The minor matrix , M 11     a11 a12

a13 

 a32 a33  A   a21 a22
a
a23 
 31 a32 a33 
The minor of a11 = M 11  a22 a33  a32 a23
 a21 a23   a11 a12 a13 
The minor matrix, M 12    
A   a21 a22

a23 
 a31 a33  a
 31 a32 a33 

The minor of a12 = M 12  a21a33  a31a23 39


FHMM1024
Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
 a21 a22   a11 a12 a13 
The minor matrix, M 13    
A   a21 a22

a23 
 31
a a32  a
 31 a32 a33 

The minor of a13 = M 13  a21a32  a31a22


 a12 a13   a11 a12

a13 

The minor matrix, M 21    A   a21 a22
a
a23 
a33 
 a32 a33   31 a32

The minor of a21 = M 21  a12 a33  a32 a13


 a11 a13   a11 a12 a13 
The minor matrix, M 22   

A   a21 a22

a23 
 a31 a33  a
 31 a32 a33 

The minor of a22 = M 22  a11a33  a31a13 40


FHMM1024
Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
 a11 a12 
The minor matrix, M 23     a11 a12 a13 
 a31 a32  
A   a21 a22

a23 
a a33 
The minor of a23 = M 23  a11a32  a31a12  31 a32

 a12 a13 
The minor matrix, M 31     a11 a12 a13 
 22
a a 23 

A   a21 a22

a23 
a a33 
 31 a32
The minor of a31 = M 31  a12 a23  a22 a13
 a11 a13 
The minor matrix, M 32   
 a11 a12

A   a21 a22
a13 

a23 
 a21 a23  a
 31 a32 a33 

The minor of a32 = M 32  a11a23  a21a13


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Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
 a11 a12 
The minor matrix, M 33     a11 a12

a13 

 a21 a22  A   a21 a22
a
a23 
a33 
 31 a32
The minor of a33 = M 33  a11a22  a21a12
 M 11 M 12 M 13 
 
Matrix of minors:  M 21 M 22 M 23 
M M 32 M 33 
 31 
Note : Minor is short for the determinant of the
respective minor matrix.
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Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint

A signed minor is called a cofactor.


The cofactor of the element in the ith row,
jth column is denoted by Cij
i j
Cij  (1) M ij

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Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint

 M 11  M 12 M 13 
 
Matrix of cofactors =   M 21 M 22  M 23 
 M  M 32 M 33 
 31 
 C11 C12 C13 
 
  C21 C22 C23 
C 
 31 C 32 C33 

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Mathematics II
Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
The adjoint of matrix A is the transpose of its
cofactor matrix. It is denoted as adj A.

 C11 C21 C31 


 
Adj A = C   C12 C22 C32 
T

C 
 13 C 23 C 33 

 M 11  M 21 M 31 
 
   M 12 M 22  M 32 
 M  M 23 M 33 
 13 
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Mathematics II
Example 9

 2 1 4
 
Given that A   3 2 5 
 0 1 1 
 

Find the cofactor matrix.

46
Example 9 Solution

47
Determinant of 2  2 Matrix
a b
Given a matrix A   
c d
The determinant of matrix A, A is :

a b a b The minor [ c ] is a 1×1


    matrix. The determinant
 c d   c d  of [ c ] is c itself.
A  a  (1)11 M 11  b  (1)1 2 M 12
 (1)11 a  d  (1)1 2 b  c
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Mathematics II
 a d  bc 48
Determinant of 3  3 Matrix

Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix A is calculated as :


A  a11C11  a12C12  a13C13
i j
where Cij  (1) M ij
Cij is the cofactor, M ij the determinant of the
th th
minor matrix of i row and j column

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Mathematics II
Determinant of 3  3 Matrix
Given a matrix A,
 a11 a12 a13 
 
A   a21 a22 a23 
a a33 
 31 a32
Using the first row, the determinant of matrix A,
A is :

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Mathematics II
Determinant of 3  3 Matrix
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 
     
 a21 a22 a23   a21 a22 a23   a21 a22 a23 
a a33  a a33  a a33 
 31 a32  31 a32  31 a32

a22
11
a23 1 2
a21 a23 1 3
a21 a22
A  (1) a11  (1) a12  (1) a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
 a11 (a22  a33  a23  a32 )  a12 (a21  a33  a23  a31 )
 a13 (a21  a32  a22  a31 )
We are finding the determinant of the matrix A by
expanding the cofactors in the first row.
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Mathematics II
Example 10
Find the determinant of the matrix A:
 2 3 5 
 
A   7 1 0 
 1 2 4 
 
1 0
11 1 2 7 0 1 3 7 1
A  (1) 2  (1) (3)  (1) 5
2 4 1 4 1 2
 2  (1)  4  0  (2)   3  7  4  0 1  5 (7  ( 2)  ( 1) 1
 8  84  65  11
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Mathematics II
Determinant of 3  3 Matrix
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 
     
 a21 a22 a23   a21 a22 a23   a21 a22 a23 
a a33  a a33  a a33 
 31 a32  31 a32  31 a32

a22
11
a23 2 1
a12 a13 31
a12 a13
A  (1) a11  (1) a21  (1) a31
a32 a33 a32 a33 a22 a23
 a11 (a22  a33  a23  a32 )  a21 (a12  a33  a13  a32 )
 a13 (a12  a23  a13  a22 )
We are finding the determinant of the matrix A by
expanding the cofactors in the first column.
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Mathematics II
Example 11
Find the determinant of the matrix A:
 2 3 1
 
A 5 1 4 
 4 8 2 
 
1 4
11 1 2 3 1 31 3 1
A  (1) (2)  (1) 5  (1) 4
8 2 8 2 1 4
 (2)[(1)2  4(8)]  5[3  2  (1)(8)]
4 3  4  (1)(1) 
 6
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Mathematics II
Determinant of 3  3 Matrix
In fact, the determinant can be obtained by
cofactor expansion using any row or column.
 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 
   a11 a12 a13 
  or  
 a21 a22 a23  or  a21 a22 a23 
a  a21 a22 a23 
a a33  a33  a
 31 a33 
a32
 31 a32
 31 a32

 a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13   a11 a12 a13 


     
 a21 a22 a23  or  a21 a22 a23  or  a21 a22 a23 
a a33  a a33  a a33 
 31 a32  31 a32  31 a32

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Mathematics II
Properties of Determinants
(1) When 2 rows of a square matrix are interchanged, or
2 columns of the matrix are interchanged, the
determinant changes sign.
3 1 6 1 3 4 3 6 1
e.g. 1 3 4 2 3 1 6  2 1 4 3  2
1 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 5
(2) When either 2 rows or 2 columns of a square matrix
are identical, the determinant equals zero.
3 1 6 3 3 6
e.g. 1 3 4  0 1 1 4 0
1 3 4 2 2 1
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Mathematics II
Properties of Determinants
(3) If a square matrix contains either a row of zeroes, or a
column of zeroes, the determinant equals zero.
3 1 6 3 0 6
e.g. 1 3 4 0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 2 0 1
(4) If any row or column of a square matrix is multiplied
by a constant, the determinant is multiplied by the
same constant.
3 1 6 3 1 6
e.g. 1 3 4 2 2 1 2  3 2  4  2  2  4
1 5 1 1 5 1
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Singular Matrix
A is a singular matrix if A  0.
A is a non-singular matrix if A  0.
A singular matrix has no inverse, i.e.
If A  0 , inverse of the matrix does not exist.
A non-singular matrix is also called an
invertible matrix.
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Example 12
 1 2 3
 
Show that A   4 5 6  is a singular matrix.
7 8 9
 

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Example 12 Solution

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Example 13
2 1 x
 
If A   3 2  1 is a singular matrix,
5 2 9 

find the value of x.

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Example 13 Solution

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1.3 Inverse Matrix

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Inverse Matrix
If A is a square matrix, B is another square matrix
of the same order, and
AB = BA = I
then A is the inverse matrix of B for multiplication,
and vice versa.

A1 denotes the inverse matrix of A. Hence,


A A1 = A1A = I.
Inverse matrices for multiplication exist for square
matrices only.
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Mathematics II
Inverse of Matrix Product
If two matrices A and B are invertible, then the
product AB is also invertible. The inverse of
AB is given by
( AB)1  B1 A1
Note : The order of multiplication is reversed after the =
sign.
Proof: ( AB)( B 1 A1 )  A( BB 1 ) A1  AIA1  I
Since ( AB)( AB) 1  I ,
1 1 1
 ( AB) B A
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Finding Inverse Matrix, A-1
1. Find the determinant, |A|.
2. Find the minor of all elements, aij.
3. Find matrix of cofactors.
4. Find the adjoint matrix, adj A.
5. Find the inverse matrix by using the formula :

11
A  adj. A
A
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2  2 Inverse Matrix

a b
Given A   
c d
Step 1: The determinant, |A|= ad – bc

d c
Step 2: Matrix of minors, M   
b a
 d c 
Step 3: Matrix of cofactors, C   
 b a 
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2  2 Inverse Matrix

Step 4: Adjoint matrix, adj. A  C


T

 d b 
adj. A   
 c a 

Step 5: Inverse matrix is:


11 d b 
A   
A  c a 
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Example 14
Find the inverse matrix of each of
the following matrices:
5 2 
(i)  
4 2 
 2 3
(ii)  
 1 4

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Example 14 Solution

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Example 15

2 3   0 1
If A    and B   ,
 1 1  3 1
1 1 1
show that A B  ( BA)

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Example 15 Solution

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Example 16

 2 1
Given A   
 5 3 
Show that A  5 A  I  
2

1
Using the relationship above, find the matrix A
3
A
and .

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Example 16 Solution

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Example 17
 2 1 4
 
Given that A   3 2 5
 0 1 1 
 

Find the inverse matrix, A1 .


1 T 2
Determine also A , A , A , and A .

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Example 17 Solution

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Properties of Determinants

In general, A A 1
 A
T

A  A A
2

AB  A  B

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Example 18
 2 1 4 
 
Show that the matrix M   3 2 5 
 0 1 3
 
is non-singular. Find adj. M and hence find
1
the inverse matrix, M . Verify your result
by MM 1  I .

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Example 18 Solution

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1.4 System of
Linear
Equations

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System of Linear Equation

Consider :
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2
a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d 3

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System of Linear Equation
Combining the equations into matrix form,
 a1 b1 c1  x   d1 
    
a
 2 b2 c2  y    d 2 
a c3   d 
 3 b3    3 
z

 a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
     
Let A=  a2 b2 c2  , X   y  , B   d2 
a c3  z d 
 3 b3    3
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System of Linear Equation
The equation can be represented as:

AX  B
1 1
A AX  A B
1
IX  A B
1
XA B

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System of Linear Equation
Hence, the solution of the linear equations in
matrix form is:
1
 x   a1 b1 c1   d1 
     
y
   a 2 b2 c2  d
 2
z a b c3  d 
   3 3  3

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Example 19
By using the method of inverse matrix, solve
the system of linear equations:
8 x  5 y  3z  4
5x  3 y  z  5
3x  2 y  z  7

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Example 19 Solution

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Mathematics II
Example 20
2 1 1   2 2 1
   
If A   1 2 3  and B   13 5 7  ,
3 2 4   8 1 5 
   
find AB. By using the method of matrices, solve
the simultaneuos equations:
2x  y  z  1
x  2 y  3z  1
3x  2 y  4 z  5

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Example 20 Solution

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Mathematics II
Example 21
In a football league, a win gains 3 points, a draw 1
point, and a loss has no point. A team has played 12
matches, and obtained a total of 20 points. The number
of wins is equal to the sum of the draws and losses.

If x represents the number of wins, y the number of


draws, and z the number of losses, obtains a system of
linear equations to represent the given information.
Use the inverse matrix method to solve the system of
linear equations.
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Example 21 Solution

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Example 22
The curve y = ax2 + bx + c passes through three points
(1, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 9) in a coordinate plane. By
substituting the x- and y-coordinates of the three points
into the equation, obtains three linear equations.

Use the inverse matrix method to solve the system of


linear equations. Hence determine the values of a, b
and c.

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Example 22 Solution

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Mathematics II
zxy

Example 23
In a development project, a builder develops a site by building
300 units of low cost house, terrace house and shop lot. The
total number of terrace houses and shop lots built is twice the
number of low cost houses.
Number of Profit of each
Type of building
building building
Low cost house x RM 1000
Terrace house y RM 8000
Shop lot z RM 12000
If the builder made a profit of RM1.9 million on this project,
find the number of each type of houses being built.
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Example 23 Solution

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The End
Of
Chapter 1

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Mathematics I

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