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FHMM1024 Mathematics II
Chapter 1
Matrices and System
of Linear Equations
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Mathematics II
Content
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Operations
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1.1 Introduction
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Definition
• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of
numbers, usually enclosed in parentheses ( )
or square brackets [ ].
• The size of a matrix is specified by the
notation m n, where m is the number of
rows, n is the number of columns.
a11 a12 a1n
The element in the row i and
a 21 a22 a2 n
column j of a matrix is
denoted as a .
ij
a amn mn
m1 am 2
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Introduction
Order of matrix (m n)
Type of matrices
Square matrix
Null matrix
Identity matrix
Symmetric matrix
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Order of a Matrix (mn)
1 3 5 7 row
5 0 2 4
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Order of a Matrix (mn)
Examples:
3 11 matrix
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Equality of Matrices
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Example 1
Given that A B, find the values of x, y and z.
1 8 7 1 yx 7
A 0 4 3 B 0 x3 3
0 1 z 1
0 0
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1.2 Operations
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Operations
Associative Law: ( A B) C A ( B C )
ABC ( AB)C A( BC )
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Compatible Matrix
• Two matrices are said to be compatible
for addition or subtraction if they are
of the same order m n.
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Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
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Example 2
1 2 4 1 0 2
A B
0 3 1 1 5 3
Find A + B and B –A.
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Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix
• When a matrix A is multiplied by a scalar, r, it
means that each element in matrix A is
multiplied by r.
For example, find
2 1
2
3 5
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Compatible Matrix
• Two matrices are said to be compatible for (or
conformational to) multiplication if the
number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second
matrix.
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Product of Two Matrices
B A cannot be multiplied.
st rs
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Product of Two Matrices
The product of two matrices is the sum of the
product of elements of rows in the first matrix
multiplied by the respective elements of the
columns in the second matrix.
col 1 col 2
row 1
row 1
a b e g ae bf ag bh
c d f h ce df cg dh
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Example 3
Compute the product AB and BA.
3 8 9 1
A B
3 10 4 2
Note: Generally AB BA
.
Matrix multiplication is not commutative.
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Example 4
Show that AC = BC.
1 3 2 4 1 2
A , B , C
0 1 2 3 1 2
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The matrix An
For any matrix A , the product AA is only
possible if the number of rows and number of
columns of A are equal , i.e. AA exists only if A
is a square matrix. We can write
A 2 = AA , A3 = AAA
An = AAAA……A ( n times)
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Product of Identity Matrix
The product of an identity matrix, , and any given
square matrix A of the same order is equal to A.
A=A
A=A
Multiplication with identity matrix is commutative.
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Example 5
1 3 2 3 1
If A and B ,
2 2 4 0 3
determine if the products AB and BA exist.
If the product exists, find the resulting matrix.
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Example 5
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Example 6
4 0
2 3 1
If A and B 3 2 ,
4 0 3 1 2
find the AB and BA. Hence, deduce that
AB BA.
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Example 6 Solution
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Example 7
Matrix A and B are given as
5 0 0 1 0 0
A 6 14 0 and B 2 4 0
6 3 11 2 1 3
i) Determine if the matrices A and B obey the
commutative law for multiplication.
ii) If m and n are real numbers such that A mB nI
where I is an identity matrix, find the values of m and n.
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Example 7 Solution
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Determinant of 2 2 Matrix
a b
Given a matrix A
c d
The determinant of matrix A, A , is :
A a d bc
5 7
e.g. the determinant of the matrix 2 3 is
5 7
5 (3) 7 2 29
2 3
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Example 8
2 1 1 4
If A and B , find
3 4 3 2
(i) AB (ii) A
(iii) B (iv) AB
Determine if AB A B
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Example 8 Solution
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Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
a11 a12 a13
Given a matrix : A a21 a22 a23
a a33
31 a32
a22 a23
The minor matrix , M 11 a11 a12
a13
a32 a33 A a21 a22
a
a23
31 a32 a33
The minor of a11 = M 11 a22 a33 a32 a23
a21 a23 a11 a12 a13
The minor matrix, M 12
A a21 a22
a23
a31 a33 a
31 a32 a33
a12 a13
The minor matrix, M 31 a11 a12 a13
22
a a 23
A a21 a22
a23
a a33
31 a32
The minor of a31 = M 31 a12 a23 a22 a13
a11 a13
The minor matrix, M 32
a11 a12
A a21 a22
a13
a23
a21 a23 a
31 a32 a33
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Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
M 11 M 12 M 13
Matrix of cofactors = M 21 M 22 M 23
M M 32 M 33
31
C11 C12 C13
C21 C22 C23
C
31 C 32 C33
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Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint
The adjoint of matrix A is the transpose of its
cofactor matrix. It is denoted as adj A.
C
13 C 23 C 33
M 11 M 21 M 31
M 12 M 22 M 32
M M 23 M 33
13
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Example 9
2 1 4
Given that A 3 2 5
0 1 1
46
Example 9 Solution
47
Determinant of 2 2 Matrix
a b
Given a matrix A
c d
The determinant of matrix A, A is :
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Determinant of 3 3 Matrix
Given a matrix A,
a11 a12 a13
A a21 a22 a23
a a33
31 a32
Using the first row, the determinant of matrix A,
A is :
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Determinant of 3 3 Matrix
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a23
a a33 a a33 a a33
31 a32 31 a32 31 a32
a22
11
a23 1 2
a21 a23 1 3
a21 a22
A (1) a11 (1) a12 (1) a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) a12 (a21 a33 a23 a31 )
a13 (a21 a32 a22 a31 )
We are finding the determinant of the matrix A by
expanding the cofactors in the first row.
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Example 10
Find the determinant of the matrix A:
2 3 5
A 7 1 0
1 2 4
1 0
11 1 2 7 0 1 3 7 1
A (1) 2 (1) (3) (1) 5
2 4 1 4 1 2
2 (1) 4 0 (2) 3 7 4 0 1 5 (7 ( 2) ( 1) 1
8 84 65 11
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Determinant of 3 3 Matrix
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a23
a a33 a a33 a a33
31 a32 31 a32 31 a32
a22
11
a23 2 1
a12 a13 31
a12 a13
A (1) a11 (1) a21 (1) a31
a32 a33 a32 a33 a22 a23
a11 (a22 a33 a23 a32 ) a21 (a12 a33 a13 a32 )
a13 (a12 a23 a13 a22 )
We are finding the determinant of the matrix A by
expanding the cofactors in the first column.
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Example 11
Find the determinant of the matrix A:
2 3 1
A 5 1 4
4 8 2
1 4
11 1 2 3 1 31 3 1
A (1) (2) (1) 5 (1) 4
8 2 8 2 1 4
(2)[(1)2 4(8)] 5[3 2 (1)(8)]
4 3 4 (1)(1)
6
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Determinant of 3 3 Matrix
In fact, the determinant can be obtained by
cofactor expansion using any row or column.
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13
a11 a12 a13
or
a21 a22 a23 or a21 a22 a23
a a21 a22 a23
a a33 a33 a
31 a33
a32
31 a32
31 a32
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Properties of Determinants
(1) When 2 rows of a square matrix are interchanged, or
2 columns of the matrix are interchanged, the
determinant changes sign.
3 1 6 1 3 4 3 6 1
e.g. 1 3 4 2 3 1 6 2 1 4 3 2
1 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 5
(2) When either 2 rows or 2 columns of a square matrix
are identical, the determinant equals zero.
3 1 6 3 3 6
e.g. 1 3 4 0 1 1 4 0
1 3 4 2 2 1
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Properties of Determinants
(3) If a square matrix contains either a row of zeroes, or a
column of zeroes, the determinant equals zero.
3 1 6 3 0 6
e.g. 1 3 4 0 1 0 4 0
0 0 0 2 0 1
(4) If any row or column of a square matrix is multiplied
by a constant, the determinant is multiplied by the
same constant.
3 1 6 3 1 6
e.g. 1 3 4 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 4
1 5 1 1 5 1
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Singular Matrix
A is a singular matrix if A 0.
A is a non-singular matrix if A 0.
A singular matrix has no inverse, i.e.
If A 0 , inverse of the matrix does not exist.
A non-singular matrix is also called an
invertible matrix.
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Example 12
1 2 3
Show that A 4 5 6 is a singular matrix.
7 8 9
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Example 12 Solution
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Example 13
2 1 x
If A 3 2 1 is a singular matrix,
5 2 9
find the value of x.
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Example 13 Solution
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1.3 Inverse Matrix
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Inverse Matrix
If A is a square matrix, B is another square matrix
of the same order, and
AB = BA = I
then A is the inverse matrix of B for multiplication,
and vice versa.
11
A adj. A
A
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2 2 Inverse Matrix
a b
Given A
c d
Step 1: The determinant, |A|= ad – bc
d c
Step 2: Matrix of minors, M
b a
d c
Step 3: Matrix of cofactors, C
b a
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2 2 Inverse Matrix
d b
adj. A
c a
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Example 14 Solution
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Example 15
2 3 0 1
If A and B ,
1 1 3 1
1 1 1
show that A B ( BA)
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Example 15 Solution
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Example 16
2 1
Given A
5 3
Show that A 5 A I
2
1
Using the relationship above, find the matrix A
3
A
and .
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Example 16 Solution
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Example 17
2 1 4
Given that A 3 2 5
0 1 1
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Example 17 Solution
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Properties of Determinants
In general, A A 1
A
T
A A A
2
AB A B
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Example 18
2 1 4
Show that the matrix M 3 2 5
0 1 3
is non-singular. Find adj. M and hence find
1
the inverse matrix, M . Verify your result
by MM 1 I .
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Example 18 Solution
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1.4 System of
Linear
Equations
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System of Linear Equation
Consider :
a1 x b1 y c1 z d1
a2 x b2 y c2 z d 2
a3 x b3 y c3 z d 3
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System of Linear Equation
Combining the equations into matrix form,
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a
2 b2 c2 y d 2
a c3 d
3 b3 3
z
a1 b1 c1 x d1
Let A= a2 b2 c2 , X y , B d2
a c3 z d
3 b3 3
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System of Linear Equation
The equation can be represented as:
AX B
1 1
A AX A B
1
IX A B
1
XA B
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System of Linear Equation
Hence, the solution of the linear equations in
matrix form is:
1
x a1 b1 c1 d1
y
a 2 b2 c2 d
2
z a b c3 d
3 3 3
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Example 19
By using the method of inverse matrix, solve
the system of linear equations:
8 x 5 y 3z 4
5x 3 y z 5
3x 2 y z 7
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Example 19 Solution
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Example 20
2 1 1 2 2 1
If A 1 2 3 and B 13 5 7 ,
3 2 4 8 1 5
find AB. By using the method of matrices, solve
the simultaneuos equations:
2x y z 1
x 2 y 3z 1
3x 2 y 4 z 5
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Example 20 Solution
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Example 21
In a football league, a win gains 3 points, a draw 1
point, and a loss has no point. A team has played 12
matches, and obtained a total of 20 points. The number
of wins is equal to the sum of the draws and losses.
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Example 22
The curve y = ax2 + bx + c passes through three points
(1, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 9) in a coordinate plane. By
substituting the x- and y-coordinates of the three points
into the equation, obtains three linear equations.
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Example 22 Solution
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zxy
Example 23
In a development project, a builder develops a site by building
300 units of low cost house, terrace house and shop lot. The
total number of terrace houses and shop lots built is twice the
number of low cost houses.
Number of Profit of each
Type of building
building building
Low cost house x RM 1000
Terrace house y RM 8000
Shop lot z RM 12000
If the builder made a profit of RM1.9 million on this project,
find the number of each type of houses being built.
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Example 23 Solution
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The End
Of
Chapter 1
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