RF Communication Circuits

KAVOSHCOM
 Impedance and Admittance matrices
For n ports network we can relate the voltages and currents by impedance
and admittance matrices

Impedance matrix Admittance matrix

V1   Z11 Z 21 . . Z n1   I1   I1  Y11 Y21 . . Yn1  V1 

V   Z12 Z 22 . . Z n 2   I 2   I  Y12 Y22 . . Yn 2  V2 
 2   2 
 .  . . . . .  .   .  . . . . .  . 
 .  .    .  . .
 
. . .  . 
. . . .  .    
  
Vn   Z1n Z 2n . . Z nn   I n   I n  Y1n Y2n . . Ynn  Vn 

where Y   Z 1
 Reciprocal and Lossless Networks
Reciprocal networks usually contain nonreciprocal media such as ferrites or
plasma, or active devices. We can show that the impedance and admittance
matrices are symmetrical, so that.

Zij  Z ji or Yij  Yji

Lossless networks can be shown that Zij or Yij are imaginary

Refer to text book Pozar pg193-195

 Example
Find the Z parameters of the two-port T –network as shown below
ZA ZB
I1 I2

V1 ZC V2

Solution

Port 2 open-circuited Similarly we can show that

V1 V2
Z11   Z A  ZC Z 21   ZC
I1 I 2 0
I1 I 2 0

This is an example of reciprocal network!!

Port 1 open-circuited

 Z B  ZC 
V1 V2 ZC ZC V2
Z12    ZC Z 22   Z B  ZC
I2 I1 0
I 2 Z B  ZC Z B  ZC I2 I1 0
 S-parameters

Port 1 Port 2
Microwave device

Vi1 Vi2
Input signal
Vr1 Vr2
reflected signal
Vt2 transmitted signal Vt1

Transmission and reflection coefficients

Vt Vr
   
Vi Vi
 S-parameters
Voltage of traveling wave away from port 1 is

Vr1 V
Vb1  Vi1  t 2 Vi 2
Vi1 Vi 2
Voltage of Voltage of
Reflected wave Transmitted wave
From port 1 From port 2

Voltage of transmitted wave away from port 2 is

Vt1 Vr 2
Vb 2  Vi1  Vi 2
Vi1 Vi 2
Vr1 Vt 2  Vt1
Let Vb1= b1 , Vi1=a1 , Vi2=a2 ,  1 , 12  , 21  V
Vi1 Vi 2 i1
Vr 2
and  2  Then we can rewrite
Vi 2
 S-parameters

b1  1 a1  12a2
•S11and S22 are a measure
of reflected signal at port
Hence 1 and port 2 respectively
b2   21 a1   2a2 •S21 is a measure of gain or
loss of a signal from port 1
to port 2.
 b1   1 12   a1  •S12 ia a measure of gain or
b   
In matrix form
  a  loss of a signal from port 2
 2   21 2  2  to port 1.

Logarithmic form
 b1   S11 S12   a1  S11=20 log(1)
b   S
S-matrix
 a  S22=20 log(2)
 2   21 S 22   2  S12=20 log(12)
S21=20 log(21)
 S-parameters
Vt 2
Vr1 S12 
S11  Vi 2 Vr 2 0
Vi1 Vr 2 0

Vr2=0 means port 2 is matched

Vt1 Vr 2
S 21  S 22 
Vi1 Vr1 0
Vi 2 Vr1 0

Vr1=0 means port 1 is

matched
Multi-port network
Port 5
Port 1
network
Port 4

 b1   S11 S12 S13 S14 S15   a1 

b   S S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25  a2 
 2   21
b3    S31 S32 S33 S34 S35   a3 
b   S S 42 S 43 S 44
 
S 45  a4 
 4   41
b5   S51 S52 S53 S54 S55   a5 
 Example
Below is a matched 3 dB attenuator. Find the S-parameter of the circuit.
8.56  8.56 

Z1=Z2= 8.56  and Z3= 141.8 

141.8 
Solution

Vr1 Zin  Z o
S11  
Vi1 V Zin  Z o
r 2 0

By assuming the output port is terminated by Zo = 50 ,

then Z  Z  Z //( Z  Z )
in 1 3 2 o

 8.56  141.8(8.56  50) /(141.8  8.56  50)  50 

50  50
S11  0 Because of symmetry , then S22=0
50  50
 Continue
8.56  8.56 

Vt 2 V1
S21  Vo 141.8  V2
Vi 2 V
r 2 0

From the fact that S11=S22=0 , we know that Vr1=0 when port 2 is
matched, and that Vi2=0. Therefore Vi1= V1 and Vt2=V2

 Z 2 // Z 3  Z o   Zo 
Vt 2  V2  V1    Vo  
 Z 2 // Z 3  Z1  Z 3  Z o   Z3  Z o 
 41.44  50 
 V1    0.707V1
 41.44  8.56  50  8.56 

S   
0 0.707
0 
Therefore S12 = S21 = 0.707
0.707
 Lossless network
For lossless n-network , total input power = total output power. Thus

n n
 ai ai*   bi bi* Where a and b are the amplitude of the signal
i 1 i 1

Putting in matrix form at a* = bt b* Note that bt=atSt and b*=S*a*

=at St S* a*
Called unitary
Thus at (I – St S* )a* =0 This implies that St S* =I matrix

In summation form
n 1 for i  j 
 *
SkiSkj 
0

for i  j 
k 1
Conversion of Z to S and S to Z

S   Z  U 1Z  U 

Z   U  S 1U  S 

where
1 0 . 0
0 . . . 
U    
. . 1 .
 
0 . . 1 
Reciprocal and symmetrical network
Since the [U] is diagonal , thus U   U  t

For reciprocal network

Z   Z t Since [Z] is symmetry

Thus it can be shown that

S   S  t
 Example
A certain two-port network is measured and the following scattering
matrix is obtained:
 0.10o 0.890o 
S    o 
 0.890 o
0.20 
From the data , determine whether the network is reciprocal or lossless.
If a short circuit is placed on port 2, what will be the resulting return loss
at port 1?
Solution

Since [S] is symmetry, the network is reciprocal. To be lossless, the S

parameters must satisfy
For i=j
n 1 for i  j 
 SkiSkj  0 for i  j 
* |S | 2 + |S |2 = (0.1)2 + (0.8)2 = 0.65
11 12

k 1  Since the summation is not equal to 1, thus

it is not a lossless network.
 continue
Reflected power at port 1 when port 2 is shorted can be calculated as
follow and the fact that a2= -b2 for port 2 being short circuited, thus

b1=S11a1 + S12a2 = S11a1 - S12b2 (1)

Short at port 2
(2) a2
b2=S21a1 + S22a2 = S21a1 - S22b2
-a2=b2
From (2) we have
S 21 (3)
b2  a1
1  S 22
Dividing (1) by a1 and substitute the result in (3) ,we have

b1 b2
   S11  S12  S11 
S12 S 21
 0.1 
 j 0.8 j 0.8
 0.633
a1 a1 1  S 22 1  0.2

Return loss  20 log   20 log 0.633  3.97 dB

 ABCD parameters
I1 I2

V1 V2
Network

Voltages and currents in a general circuit

In matrix form
I 2  V2  V1 V2  I1  I 2
This can be written as V1   A B   V2 
 I   C D  I 
 1    2
V1  V2  I 2 I1  V2  I 2 Given V1 and I1, V2 and
Or I2 can be determined if
ABDC matrix is known.
V1  AV2  BI 2 I1  CV2  DI 2

A –ve sign is included in the definition of D

 Cascaded network
I1a I2a I1b I2b

V1a a V2a V1b b V2b

V1a   Aa Ba   V2a  V1b   Ab Bb   V2b 

 I   C Da   I 2a   I   C Db   I 2b 
 1a   a  1b   b
However V2a=V1b and –I2a=I1b then
The main use of ABCD matrices are
V1a   Aa Ba   Ab Bb   V2b  for chaining circuit elements together
 I   C Da  Cb Db   I 2b 
 1a   a
Or just convert to one matrix Where
V1a   A B   V2b   A B   Aa Ba   Ab Bb 
 I   C D  I  C D  C Da  Cb Db 
 1a     2b     a
 Determination of ABCD parameters
V1  AV2  BI 2 I1  CV2  DI 2

Because A is independent of B, to determine A put I2 equal to zero and

determine
the voltage gain V1/V2=A of the circuit. In this case port 2 must be open circuit.
V1 V1
A for port 2 open circuit B  for port 2 short circuit
V2 I 0  I 2 V2 0
2

I I1 for port 2 short circuit

C 1 for port 2 open circuit D
V2  I2 V
I 2 0 2 0
 ABCD matrix for series impedance
I1 I2
Z
V1 V2

V1 V1
A for port 2 open circuit B for port 2 short circuit
V2 I 2 0
 I2 V
2 0

V1= V2 hence A=1 V1= - I2 Z hence B= Z

I I1
C 1 for port 2 open circuit D for port 2 short circuit
V2  I2 V
I 2 0 2 0

I1 = - I2 = 0 hence C= 0 I1 = - I2 hence D= 1

The full ABCD matrix can be written 1 Z 

0 1 
 
 ABCD for T impedance network
I1 I2
Z1 Z2

V1

Z3
V2

V1
A for port 2 open circuit
V2 I 2 0 therefore

then V2 
Z3 V1 Z1  Z 3 Z1
V1 A   1
Z1  Z 3 V2 Z3 Z3
 Continue
V1 Z1
B for port 2 short circuit I2
 I2 V
2 0

Z2 VZ2
Solving for voltage in Z2 Z3

Z 2 Z3
Z 2  Z3
VZ 2  V
Z 2 Z3 1
Z1 
Z 2  Z3
Hence
But V1 ZZ
B  Z 2  Z1  1 2
VZ2   I 2 Z 2  I2 Z3
 Continue
Z1
I1 I2
I1
C for port 2 open circuit
V2 I 2 0
Z3 V2

Analysis

 I 2  I1
Therefore

I1 1
V2   I 2 Z3  I1Z3 C 
V2 Z 3
 Continue
I1
D for port 2 short circuit Z1 I2
 I2 V I1
2 0

Z2 VZ2
Z3
I1 is divided into Z2 and Z3, thus

 Z3
I2  I1
Z 2  Z3 Full matrix

Hence  Z1 Z1Z 2 
1  Z Z1  Z 2 
Z3 
D
I1 Z
 1 2  2 
 I2 Z3  1 1
Z2 
 Z 3 Z3 
 ABCD for transmission line
I1 I2

Input V1 Transmission line Zo g V2

z=-  z =0
V f e j t e g z  Vb e j t eg z

For transmission line

V ( z )  V f e j t e g z  Vb e j t eg z Vf Vb
Zo  
If Ib
I ( z) 
1
Zo

V f e j t e g z  Vb e j t eg z 
f and b represent forward and backward propagation voltage and current
Amplitudes. The time varying term can be dropped in further analysis.
 continue
At the input z = - 

V1  V ()  V f e g 
 Vb e g  (1) I1  I () 
1
Zo

V f eg   Vb e g   (2)

At the output z = 0

V2  V (0)  V f  Vb (3) I 2  I (0) 

1
Zo

V f  Vb  (4)

Now find A,B,C and D using the above 4 equations

V1
A for port 2 open circuit
V2 I 2 0

For I2 =0 Eq.( 4 ) gives Vf= Vb=Vo giving

 continue
From Eq. (1) and (3) we have Note that

g g  (e x  e  x )
Vo (e e ) cosh( x) 
A  cosh( g ) 2
2Vo
(e x  e  x )
sinh( x) 
V1 2
B for port 2 short circuit
 I2 V
2 0

For V2 = 0 , Eq. (3) implies –Vf= Vb = Vo . From Eq. (1) and (4) we have

Z oVo (eg   e g  )
B  Z o sinh( g )
2Vo
 continue
I1
C for port 2 open circuit
V2 I 2 0

For I2=0 , Eq. (4) implies Vf = Vb = Vo . From Eq.(2) and (3) we have

Vo (eg   e g  ) sinh( g )
C 
2Vo Z o Zo

I1
D for port 2 short circuit
 I2 V
2 0

For V2=0 , Eq. (3) implies Vf = -Vb = Vo . From Eq.(2) and (4) we have

 Z oVo (eg   e g  )
D  cosh( g )
 2 Z oVo
 continue
Note that
The complete matrix is therefore

cosh(g ) Z o sinh( g ) g    jk

 sinh( g ) 
 cosh(g )  Where
= attenuation
 Zo  k=wave propagation
constant
When the transmission line is lossless this reduces to
Lossless line
=0
 cos( k ) jZo sin( k )
 sin( k )  cosh( jk )  cos( k)
j cos( k )  sinh( jk )  j sin( k)
 Zo 
 Table of ABCD network
cosh(g ) Z o sinh( g )
Transmission line  sinh( g ) 
 cosh( g  ) 
 Z o 

Z
1 Z 
Series impedance 0 1 
 

Z Shunt impedance  1 0
1 
 Z 1
 Table of ABCD network
Z1  Z1 Z1Z 2 
1  Z Z1  Z 2 
Z2
Z3 
 2 
Z3 T-network  1 1
Z2 
 Z 3 Z3 

Z3
 Z3 
 1  Z 3 
Z1 Z2
Z2 p-network  
 1 1 Z Z
 3 1 3 
 Z1 Z 2 Z1Z 2 Z1 

n 0 
 1 Ideal transformer
0 n 
n:1
 Short transmission line
 cos(k ) jZo sin( k )
Lossless transmission line ABCD tline   sin( k ) 
j cos(k ) 
 Zo 
If  << l then cos(k  ) ~ 1 and sin (k ) ~ k then

 1 jZo k 
ABCD tlineshort  1 
j k 1 
 Zo 
 Embedded short transmission line
Z1 Transmission line Z1

 1 0  1 jZo k   1 0
ABCD embed   1 1  1  1 
Z j Z k 1  1 
 1  o  1 
Z

Solving, we have
 jZo k  
 1 jZo k  
Z1
ABCD embed  
 2  jZo k   j k  1  jZo k  
 Z1 Z12 Zo Z1 
 Comparison with p-network
 Z3 
 1  Z3 
Z2
ABCDp net  
 1  1  Z3 1
Z3 
 Z1 Z 2 Z1Z 2 Z1 

 jZo k  
 1  jZ o k  
Z1
ABCD embed  
2
  o jjZ k  k  jZ k  
1  o
 Z1 Z12 Zo Z1 

It is interesting to note that if we substitute in ABCD matrix in p-network,

Z2=Z1 and Z3=jZok we  see that the difference is in C element where we
have extra term i.e k
j
Zo
Zok  k So the transmission line
Both are almost same if 2
 exhibit a p-network
Z1 Zo
Comparison with series and shunt
Series

If Zo >> Z1 then the series impedance Z  jZo k 

Zo 
This is an inductance which is given by L
c
Where c is a velocity of light
Shunt
k
If Zo << Z1 then the series impedance Z j
Zo

This is a capacitance which is given by C
Z oc
 Equivalent circuits

Zo ZoL Zo

Zo 
Zo >> Z1 L
c


Zoc
Zo Zo

Zo << Z1 
C
Z oc
 Transmission line parameters

It is interesting that the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of a

transmission line can be determined from ABCD matrix as follows

B
Zo 
C

g  cosh  A  ln  A  A2  1 
1 1 1 
   
 Conversion S to ABCD
For conversion of ABCD to S-parameter

 S11 S12  1  Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 2Z o  AD  BC  

S   
 21 S 22  Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D  2Z o  Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 

For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter

 1  S11 1  S 22   S12 S 21 Z o 1  S11 1  S 22   S12 S 21 

A B 1  
C D  2S  1 1  S11 1  S 22   S12 S 21  1  S 1  S   S12 21 
S
  21 Z 11 22
 o 

Zo is a characteristic impedance of the transmission line connected to the

ABCD network, usually 50 ohm.
 MathCAD functions for conversion
For conversion of ABCD to S-parameter

1 Z . A1,1  A1,2  Z .Z . A2,1  Z . A2,2 2.Z .A1,1. A2,2  A1,2 . A2,1  

S ( A)  
Z . A1,1  A1,2  Z .Z . A2.1  Z . A2,2  2.Z  Z . A1,1  A1,2  Z .Z . A2,1  Z . A2,2 

For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter

 1  S1,1 
. 1  S 2,2   S1,2 .S 2,1 Z .1  S1,1 
. 1  S 2,2   S1,2 .S 2,1 
1  
A( S )  . 1 
2.S 2,1  .1  S1,1 
. 1  S 2,2   S1,2 .S 2,1  1  S1,1 . 1  S 2,2   S1,2 .S 2,1 
 Z o  
 Odd and Even Mode Analysis
Usually use for analyzing a symmetrical four port network
(1) Excitation •Equal ,in phase excitation – even mode
•Equal ,out of phase excitation – odd mode

(2) Draw intersection line for symmetry and apply

•short circuit for odd mode
•Open circuit for even mode

(3) Also can apply EM analysis of structure

•Tangential E field zero – odd mode
•Tangential H field zero – even mode

(4) Single excitation at one port= even mode + odd mode

 Example 1
1 2
Edge coupled line

Line of
symmetry

3 4

The matrix contains the odd and even parts

 S11ev  S11od S12ev  S12od S13ev  S13od S14ev  S14od 
 S 24ev  S 24od 
1  S 21ev  S 21od S 22ev  S 22od S 23ev  S 23od
S  
2  S31ev  S31od S32ev  S32od S33ev  S33od S34ev  S34od 
 
 S 41ev  S 41od S 42ev  S 42od S 43ev  S 43od S 44ev  S 44od 

Since the network is symmetry, Instead of 4 ports , we can only analyze 2 port
 continue
We just analyze for 2 transmission lines with characteristic Ze and Zo
respectively. Similarly the propagation coefficients be and bo respectively.
Treat the odd and even mode lines as uniform lossless lines. Taking ABCD
matrix for a line , length l, characteristic impedance Z and propagation
constant b,thus

 cos( b ) jZ sin( b )

ABCD tline   sin( b ) 
j cos( b ) 
 Z 
Using conversion

 Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 2Z o  AD  BC  
S   1
 
Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D  2Z o  Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 
 continue
  Z 2  Z o2  
 j sin b  

2Z o 
  Z  
S   1

 Z 2  Z o2   Z 2  Z o2 
2Z cos b   j sin b   2Z o j sin b  
 Z2    Z 
   

Taking b   p (equivalent to quarter-wavelength transmission line)

2

Then
 Z 2  Z o2  j 2ZZ o 
S   2 2 1

Z  Z o  j 2ZZ o Z 2  Z o2 
 continue
S13 S14
S23

S24
S11 S12 S11 S12
Odd + even Convert to S21 S22 S21 S22
S34
S11 S12
S11 S12 S11 S12
S21 S22 S33
S31 S21 S22 S21 S22

S44

S41 S42 S32 S43

2-port network 4-port network

matrix matrix
 continue
Follow symmetrical properties
S11 S12 S13 S14
ev+ od ev- od
S21 S22 S23 S24

S31 S32 S33 S34

ev- od
S41 S42 S43 S44 ev+ od

Assuming bev = bod = p Then

2
jZo  Z ev Z od 
S 41  S14  S32  S 23    2

2  Z ev  Z o Z od  Z o2 
2 2

 ( Z
jZo  ev odZ  Z 2 
o ) ( Z od  Z ev ) 

2  ( Z ev
2
 Z o2 ) ( Z od 2
 Z o2 ) 

For perfect isolation (I.e S41=S14=S32=S23=0 ),we choose Zev and Zod such that
Zev Zod=Zo2.
 continue
S11 S12 S13 S14
ev+ od ev- od
S21 S22 S23 S24

S31 S32 S33 S34

ev- od
S41 S42 S43 S44 ev+ od

Similarly we have
1  Z ev
2
 Z o2 Z od2
 Z o2 
S11  S 22  S33  S 44   2

2  Z ev  Z o Z od  Z o2 
2 2

1  2 2
Z ev Z od  Z o4 


2  ( Z ev
2
 Z o2 )( Z od
2
 Z o2 ) 
Equal to zero if Zev Zod=Zo2.
 continue
S11 S12 S13 S14
ev+ od ev- od
S21 S22 S23 S24

S31 S32 S33 S34

ev- od
S41 S42 S43 S44 ev+ od

We have
1  Z ev
2
 Z o2 Z od 2
 Z o2 
S31  S13  S 24  S 42   2

2  Z ev  Z o Z od  Z o2 
2 2

 ( Z 2
 Z 2
) Z 2 
 2 ev od o 
 ( Z  Z )( Z  Z ) 
2 2 2
 ev o od o 
 Z ev  Z 
 od 
Z Z  if Zev Zod=Zo2.
 ev od 
 continue
S11 S12 S13 S14
ev+ od ev- od
S21 S22 S23 S24

S31 S32 S33 S34

ev- od
S41 S42 S43 S44 ev+ od

jZo  Z ev Z od 
S 21  S12  S34  S 43    2

2  Z ev  Z o Z od  Z o2 
2 2

 1 
  jZo   if Zev Zod=Zo2.
Z Z 
 ev od 
 continue
This S-parameter must satisfy network characteristic:

(1) Power conservation

2 2 2 2
S11  S21  S31  S41  1
Reflected
power transmitted transmitted transmitted
power to power to power to
port 2 port 3 port 4
Since S11 and S41=0 , then
2 2
S21  S31  1
 S11  p
(2) And quadrature condition Arg    
 S 21  2
 continue
For 3 dB coupler
 Z ev  Z 
 1
2
 Z ev  Z   od
 od  1 or Z Z  2
Z Z  2  ev od 
 ev od 
Rewrite we have
Z ev  1  ( 2 ) 
    3 2 2
Z od  1  ( 2 ) 
Z ev
In practice Zev > Zod so  3  2 2  5.83
Z od
However the limitation for coupled edge
Z ev
2 (Gap size ) also bev and bod are not pure TEM
Z od thus not equal
 A l/4 branch line coupler
Odd
90o

1 Z2 2
90o

1 Z2 2

Z1

Z1
45o 45o

90o 90o
Z1

Z1

Symmetrical line Even

90o

90o 1 Z2 2

4 Z2 3

Z1

Z1
45o 45o

O/C O/C
 Analysis
p 
Stub odd (short circuit) X s ,od  Z1 tan    Z1
4

p 
Stub even (open circuit) X s ,ev   Z1 cot    Z1
4

The ABCD matrices for the two networks may then found :

 Z2 
 1 0  0 jZ2   1 0 
Xs
jZ2 
ABCD   1 1  j  1  
 jX  Z 0  1  j jZ2 Z2 
 s  2   jX s    2
 Z2 X s X s 
Transmission
stub stub
line
 continue
Convert to S
 Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 2Z o  AD  BC  
S   1
 
Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D  2Z o  Z o A  B  Z o2C  Z o D 

 Z o2 Z 2 Z o2 
 jZ 2  j 2
j 2Z o 

1  X s Z2 
2Z o Z 2 Z o2 Z 2 Z o2  Z o2 Z 2 Z o2 
 jZ 2  j 2
j  2Z o jZ 2  j 2
j 
Xs Xs Z 2  Xs Z 2 

For perfect isolation we require

S11ev  S11od  S11ev  S11od  0 Thus S11ev  S11od  0

Z o2 Z 2 Z o2 or Xs  
Zo Z2
 Z1
S11  jZ2  j j 0 From
X s2 Z2 Z o2  Z 22 previous
definition
 continue
Substituting into S-parameter gives us

0 Zo  0 Zo 
S odd 
1
Z
and S even   2 2 1
Z o  Z 2  jZ2  o
2 2 0  Z
Z o  Z 2  jZ2  o 0 

Therefore for full four port

S 21  S12  S 43  S34  S 21ev  S 21od    j 2
1 Z
2 Zo
Z 22
 S 23  S 21ev  S 21od    1  2
1
S 41  S14  S32
2 Zo

S11  S22  S33  S44  0

And S31  S13  S42  S24  0

 continue
For power conservation and quadrature conditions to be met

Equal split S

Z 1 Zo
S 21  2  or Z2 
Zo 2 2

And
Zo
Zo
Zo Z2 2
X s  Z1    Zo
Z o2  Z 22 Z 
2
Z o2   o 
 2

If Zo= 50  then Z2 = 35.4 