Class 08 Ud - Analysis of Urban Forms (West)

ANALYSIS OF URBAN FORM AND SPACE ( WEST )
Ar. Ravindra Patnayaka, B.Arch, M.Tech Planning, PGDESM

Assistant Professor,
GITAM SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, Visakhapatnam.
Urban history
Urban history is a field of history that examines the historical nature
of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization.
Urbanization is the increasing number of people that migrate from rural to urban
areas. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal
or vertical.
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the
sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific condition at
a set time
The history of urbanization focuses on the processes of by which existing populations
concentrate themselves in urban localities over time, and on the social, political,
cultural and economic contexts of cities.
Urban Morphology
Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to
understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan
area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component
parts and the process of its development.
Factors Influencing Urbanization
1. Employment Generation
2. Anticipated Better Education and
3. More Access for Health care Facilities
4. Sophisticated Physical Infrastructure
5. Improvisation of services in Social Infrastructure
6. Freedom for choice within available range of facilities.
7. better transport / communication
8. nightlife
Settlement Types
Types of Urban Communities
 Agricultural Community
 The Commercial City
 The Industrial City
The Transportation City
The Recreational City
The Educational City
The Administrative Cities
Temple Towns
Regional Cities
Agricultural Communities
Vedic Village
Commercial City
Downtown, New york. Manhattan

The Industrial City
Jamshedpur, TATA
Transportation City
Kharagpur, INDIA
Recreational City
Educational City
Administrative City
Jodhpur Citadel
Fatepur Sikri
Temple Towns
Amritsir Srirangam, Tamil Nadu
Mecca Jerusalem
Regional City
Chandighar
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY
CLASSICAL TIMES
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : SUMARIAN
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : MESOPOTAMIAN
City of Ur City of Khorsabad
Persepolis : Prototype for Administrative City in the History (recorded)

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : EGYPT
Necropolis, Saqquara
Pyramid Complex looking over Gizah

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : AGEAN (EARLY GREEK)
Citadel
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : CLASSIC GREEK
Acropolis : Prototype for Regional City

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : CLASSIC GREEK
Agora : Prototype for earmarked Urban Open Space

for Formal and Informal gatherings
City of Olympus : Sports City

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : HELLENISTIC GREEK
Hippodomus
Grid Iron Patterns

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : ROMAN
Urban Square as a Node and a Focal Point

Roman streets and squares providing space for informal

gathering and interaction.
Urban Level Recreation Spaces … Urban Civic Centers…
Urban Boulevards… Recreational Open Spaces (Circus)…

1- Circus Maximus THE CITY OF ROME (SCALE MODEL)

6- Aqueduct of Claudius
C- Palatine Hill- Imperial Palaces
a- Temple of Claudius
2- Colosseum
b- Arch of Constantine
8- Venus and Rome temple
9- Basilica of Maxentius
d- Roman Senate ( roman Forum )
7-Trajan's forum
4- Capitol Hill with the temple
dedicated to Jupiter Otimus
Maximus
e- Marcellus Theatre ( near the
Tiber river
MEDIEVAL TIMES
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : URBAN SQUARE
Approaching A SQUARE
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : ARTISTIC CITY
PUBLIC SQUARES WITH CHURCH / ANT ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDIG AS A FOCAL POINT WITHIN
Central Focus Aligned Focus Wider Frontal Space Group of Focal Elements
Centrally placed.
Linear Expansion
of Space
Group of Focal Elements – Multiple Plazas Oblique Focus

Piazza Aligned off centrally with
frontal common space
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : ROMANASQUE
The enclosed character of the public square

GROUPS OF PUBLIC SQUARES

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : PIAZZA
San Marco
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : BOROQUE ROME
Baroque Rome as visualized by Sixtus V
“Interconnecting the Prime Civic Buildings / Spaces of the city with major roads network
system” thus, converting them into important “Nodes” in the City ,with anticipated
Development of Habitats around.
Nodal points connected

St.Peters Bascillica, Rome 1450

St. Peters, Rome (1626)
Bernini’s Design of Vatican Public Square.

Formalized for Religious Congregations.
Piazza of St. Peter's · Vatican City.

Piazza Del Popolo . Spacial Morphology

Piazza Del Popolo

Plaza del Popolo
Piazza Del Popolo

The Shaft of a Space

The Shaft of a Space , NANCY SQUARE
The Place Royale, Bordeux
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : VERSAILLES
Ancient Versailles
A Juxtaposition of the
main axis of Washington, D.C.,
with that of Versailles clearly
indicates L’Enfants’s source of
inspiration. While there is
absolutely nothing wrong with a
successful adaptation,
Washington’s spatial
monumentality is incongruous
to American urbanism. The
heritage of Roman via triumphal
is demanded either great
monumental architecture or
great landscaping – and both
are outside the ability of
American city builders.
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : MEDIEVAL TOWNS
RENNAISSANCE TIMES
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : RENNAISSANCE
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : CHINA
Imperial Forbidden City, Biejing 1421

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : ITALY
Palmanova, 1593
INDUSTRIAL CITY
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
 Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism

in the core nation-states of the late 18th-century world system.
 Capitalism depended on the production of commodities through wage
labour in the interests of capital accumulation.
 The city became a centre of such production processes and the location for
the industrial factories in which this production most typically took place.
 It was also the residence for the other “commodity” necessary to its
productivity, wage labourers. Ancillary urban functions—banking, wholesale
and retail trade, transportation and communications nodality—grew up to
expedite the factory production or the provisioning of the labour force.
URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : INDUSTRIAL CITY
The Factory Town

- Railroad with its network of tracks penetrated the town with a network of tracks.
- Every amenity of urban life was sacrificed to the requirement of industrial production.
- The factory was the nerve center of the city.
Row Housing Railroad Plan / Dumbbell Plan

Prizewinning Plan 1899

URBAN SETTINGS THROUGH HISTORY : CONSEQUENCE
“UTOPIAN” CONCEPTS
Ideal but Impractical

Proposed in1849 by Ar. J.S.Buckingham
Utopian Plan
Recommended that industries using steam
engines be situtated one-half mile away
from town.
Sites would be reserved for sub-urban
villas in the agricultural land and land
surrounding the towns.
Plan Of A Model Town –

For an associated community of about 10,000 inhabitants.
Daniel Burnham’s THE CITY BEAUTIFUL

VISION on SUSTAINABLE CITY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw8LNJ8gBq4
Le Corbusier - The City of Tomorrow

Le Corbusier - The City of Tomorrow

Frank Lloyd Wright - Broad Acre City

Houssmann's Boulevard
CONTEMPORARY CITY
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS : URBAN AGGLOMMORATION
An urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up

area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs linked by
continuous urban area.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS : URBAN SPRAWL
Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human

populations away from central urban areas into previously remote and rural
areas, often resulting in communities reliant upon heavy automobile usage.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS : CONURBATION
A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban
areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form
one continuous urban and industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is
a polycentric urban agglomeration, in which transportation has developed to link areas
to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS : CBD / DOWNTOWN
Manhattan
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS :
SLUMS & SQUATTERED SETTLEMENTS
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS
CONTEMPORARY URBAN SETTINGS
CONTEMPORARY URBAN ISSUES
 Rapid Urbanization
Preservation of Natural Habitats
Energy Flow
Urban Services (Water Supply)
Solid Waste Disposal
Pollution
Climate Change
Traffic Management
Urban Poor
Informal Sector
Urban Sprawl
Urban Decay etc.,
THANK YOU
Shall we call this - “Urbanization”?.....!!!!!

Class 08 Ud - Analysis of Urban Forms (West)

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Class 08 Ud - Analysis of Urban Forms (West)

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ANALYSIS OF URBAN FORM AND SPACE ( WEST )

Ar. Ravindra Patnayaka, B.Arch, M.Tech Planning, PGDESM

2. Anticipated Better Education and

3. More Access for Health care Facilities

4. Sophisticated Physical Infrastructure

5. Improvisation of services in Social Infrastructure

6. Freedom for choice within available range of facilities.

7. better transport / communication

Downtown, New york. Manhattan

Amritsir Srirangam, Tamil Nadu

City of Ur City of Khorsabad

Persepolis : Prototype for Administrative City in the History (recorded)

Pyramid Complex looking over Gizah

Acropolis : Prototype for Regional City

Agora : Prototype for earmarked Urban Open Space

City of Olympus : Sports City

Grid Iron Patterns

Urban Square as a Node and a Focal Point

Roman streets and squares providing space for informal

Urban Level Recreation Spaces … Urban Civic Centers…

Urban Boulevards… Recreational Open Spaces (Circus)…

1- Circus Maximus THE CITY OF ROME (SCALE MODEL)

Group of Focal Elements – Multiple Plazas Oblique Focus

The enclosed character of the public square

GROUPS OF PUBLIC SQUARES

Baroque Rome as visualized by Sixtus V

Nodal points connected

St.Peters Bascillica, Rome 1450

St. Peters, Rome (1626)

Bernini’s Design of Vatican Public Square.

Piazza of St. Peter's · Vatican City.

Piazza Del Popolo . Spacial Morphology

Piazza Del Popolo

Piazza Del Popolo

The Shaft of a Space

Imperial Forbidden City, Biejing 1421

THE INDUSTRIAL CITY

 Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism

The Factory Town

Row Housing Railroad Plan / Dumbbell Plan

Prizewinning Plan 1899

Ideal but Impractical

Proposed in1849 by Ar. J.S.Buckingham

Recommended that industries using steam

engines be situtated one-half mile away

Sites would be reserved for sub-urban

villas in the agricultural land and land

surrounding the towns.

Plan Of A Model Town –

Daniel Burnham’s THE CITY BEAUTIFUL

Le Corbusier - The City of Tomorrow

Le Corbusier - The City of Tomorrow

Frank Lloyd Wright - Broad Acre City

An urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up

Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human

Shall we call this - “Urbanization”?.....!!!!!

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