DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Presented by:
Sandeep Kumar Rai
1
 WHAT IS DATABASE?
A database is a collection of data organized to serve
many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and
controlling redundant data. Rather than storing data in
separate files for each application, data are stored so as
to appear to users as being stored in only one location.

 A database can be of any size and complexity.

 A database is designed, built and populated with data for a specific
purpose. It has an intended group of users and some preconceived
applications in which these users are interested.

2
 WHAT IS DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

3
 A Database management systems (DBMS) is
collection of programs (Software) that enables users to
create, centralize, manage and provide access to the
stored data by application programs.
The DBMS is general purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining, constructin,
manipulating and sharing database among various users
and application.
 Defining a database involves specifiying the data types,
structures and constraints of the data to be stored in tthe
database.
 Constructing the database is the process of storing the
data on some storage medium that is controlled by the
DBMS.
 Manipulating a database includes functions such as
querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating
the database to reflect changes in the miniworld and
generating reports from the data.
 Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs4
to access the database simultaneously.
 Other important functins provided by the
DBMS include protecting the database and
maintaining it over a long period of time.
Protection includes system and security
protection.
A typical large database may have life cycle
of many years, so the DBMS must be able to
maintain the database system by allowing the
system to evolve as requirements change over
time.

5
 Database Management System (DBMS)

 Database Applications:

 Banking: all transactions

 Airlines/Railways: reservations, schedules

 Universities: registration, grades

 Sales: customers, products, purchases

 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain

 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

 Purpose of Database System

 In the early days, database applications were built on top of

file systems
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
 Difficulty in accessing data
 Need to write a new program to carry out each new
task
 Data isolation — multiple files and formats
 Integrity problems
 Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
 Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)

 Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)

 Atomicity of updates
 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
 E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should
either complete or not happen at all
 Concurrent access by multiple users
 Concurrent accessed needed for performance
 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
 E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the
same time
 Security problems
 Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
9
Advantages of Using a DBMS
1. Controlling Redundancy
2. Restricting Unauthorized Access
3. Providing Storage Structures for Efficient
query Processing
4. Providing Backup and Recovery
5. Providing Multiple User Interfaces
6. Representing Complex Relationships
Among Data
7. Enforcing Integrity Constraints
8. Implications of the Database Approach

10
 RDBMS
• Most popular database system.

• Simple and sound theoretical basis.

• Developed by E F Codd in the early 1970's.

• The model is based on tables, rows and columns and the

manipulation of data stored within.

• Relational database is a collection of these tables.

• First commercial system: MULTICS in 1978.

• Has overtaken Hierarchical and Network models.

• Main feature: Single database can be spread across several tables.

• Examples include: Oracle, IBM's DB2, Sybase, MySQL & Microsoft

Access.
 Differences between DBMS and
RDBMS

DBMS

 Data is stored in a single large table

 Single record modification affects the whole database

RDBMS (Codd 1980)

 Database is 'broken down' into smaller pieces

 The changes will not affect the entire database
 RDBMS Advantages
 Increases the sharing of data and faster development of new applications
 Support a simple data structure, namely tables or relations
 Limit redundancy or replication of data
 Better integrity as data inconsistencies are avoided by storing data in one
place
 Provide physical data independence so users do not have to be aware of
underlying objects
 Offer logical database independence - data can be viewed in different ways
by different users.
 Expandability is relatively easy to achieve by adding new views of the data
as they are required.
 Support one off queries using SQL or other appropriate language.
 Better backup and recovery procedures
 Provides multiple interfaces
 Solves many problems created by other data models
 The ability to handle efficiently simple data types
 Multiple users can access which is not possible in DBMS
 RDBMS Disadvantages

 Software is expensive
 Complex software means expensive hardware
 Requires skilled knowledge to implement
 Certain applications are slower processing
 Increased vulnerability
 More difficult to recover if data is lost
 Seen as a poor representation of the real world
 Difficult to represent hierarchies
 Difficult to represent complex data types
Thank You

Queries are welcomed