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p p p
t t t
f f f
FDMA TDMA CDMA
FDMA, TDMA & CDMA (2)
1 Chip
3.84Mbps 1 Symbol
Data
Spreading code
Spread signal
Spreading code
De-spread signal
De-spreading
B
DATA Channelisation Descrambling
code code
Power Control
• Power control is vital to the operation of Eb’
“Near-far”
any CDMA system Problem
• Because all mobiles share the same
spectrum (separated by PN codes) each
“sees” the other as background noise,
accordingly all mobiles must use the
minimum practicable power level
• Mobiles are mobile, hence power
control is a continuous activity
• Open loop – fast estimate
• Closed loop – counters fading losses
Handover
Node B
Cu
HLR Iub
Iur
Node B
GSGN SGSN RNC ME
IuPS Node B
CN UTRAN UE
UU
Hardware Architecture
MTX
MSC
Iu
BT E
NTL D
C&W P I Iur/Iu
etc B F RNC
N A
C
Iub
E
Iub/Iur/Iu Node B
STM1
155Mbps
RNC
SRNC and DRNC
Iur
DRNC
SRNC
DRNC
Iur
UMTS Iu interface
• Iu connects the UTRAN to the CN
– Iu supports RANAP (RAN Application Part)
– IuCS is circuit switched, IuPS is packet switched
• Iur is the logical interface between two RNCs
– Iur supports RNSAP (RNS Application Part)
– Iur interface allows soft handover between RNCs built by different
manufacturers. Vodafone experience of a multi-vendor environment
indicated a more complicated situation
• Iub interface connects a Node B and an RNC
– Iub supports NBAP (Node B Application Part)
– UMTS is the first telephony system to standardise a fully open interface at
this point in the network architecture
Air interface protocol stack
Iu UTRAN Uu
Access Stratum (UTRAN)
Control plane signalling User Plane Signalling
Radio Resource
L3
Control RRC
Physical Channels
Lower layer messaging (channels)
Logical Logical
OSI layer 3
segments
OSI layer 2
frames
Radio Link
Control RLC Logical Channels
L2
Medium Access
Control MAC Transport Channels
MAC
Logical channels
L1 Physical channels
Mapping transport and physical channels
BCH PCCPCH
SCCPCH
FACH
PRACH
PCH DPDCH
FAUSCH/RACH DPCCH
DCH PDSCH
PCPCH
DSCH SCH
CPCH CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Common PILOT Channel (CPICH)
• CPICH is un-modulated but scrambled under the cell-specific primary
scrambling code (spreading factor 256)
• CPICH aids channel estimation for the DCH and provides channel
estimation for the common channels (when not associated to the DCH
or during involvement with adaptive antennas)
• Once the terminal has identified secondary SCH, frame and slot
synchronisation is obtained, as is information about the group the cell
belongs to
Uplink Channel
2560 chips (about 666.7ms)
DPDCH DATA
0 1 2 3 14
10ms
Uplink channel multiplexing
Channelization
code, cD
I Complex
DPDCH
scrambling
(data)
code
I+jQ
DPCCH Q
*j
(control)
Downlink 0 1 2 3 14
DPCH
10ms
Down-link Channel (2)
• Downlink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCH) time
multiplexes control information and user data transmission
Data
Spreading code
Spread signal
Spreading code
De-spread signal
• P0 – Node B ERP
• a0 – fraction of Node B ERP allocated to pilot
• L0 – path loss from Node B to mobile
• G – receiving mobile antenna gain
• Ih – power received at mobile from Node B
• In – non-CDMA interference power
• N – thermal noise power
Ec/Io Many Cells Single Mobile
Ec a 0 P0 L0G
I0 Ih In Io N
P GT
SCH BS
SCH Ec / Io
( P P )GT P G T
BS SCH BS BSi i i
Ec
(1 )
N Io
"Pilots"
Ec
Io
Example, UMTS SCH, Ec/Io=-18dB, and 10% allocated
Eb CR Pj
N o v j R j I N
n
All “primed” variables, e.g. P’, refer to
The uplink
Uplink Eb/No Single Cell Many
Mobiles
Clearly an additional interference term needs to
be added:
Eb CR Pj
N o v j R j I m ' I n ' N
Eb CR
Pj
N o v j R j I I I N
m t n
Effectively It’ is the total “outer” cell
interference
UMTS from the beginning
• UMTS in Vodafone radio history • UMTS design engineering
• UMTS basics – Radio link budgets
– CDMA – Ec/Io, PILOT pollution, Eb/No
– Power control, and noise-rise
– Handover • UMTS cellular engineering
– Power control
• UMTS architecture and interfaces
– RAKE receiver
• UMTS channel structure – Hard, soft, softer handover
– Control, logical and physical
channels • UMTS performance engineering
– Channel mapping – BER, FER
– Downlink and uplink channel • UMTS traffic engineering
structure – Noise rise and F-factor
• UMTS spread spectrum processes – Load factor
– Channelisation, scrambling and
– Pole capacity
spreading codes
– Processing gain
Power Control
• Power control is vital to the operation of Eb’
“Near-far”
any CDMA system Problem
• Because all mobiles share the same
spectrum (separated by codes) the Node
B “sees” the others as background
noise, accordingly all mobiles must use
the minimum practicable power level
• Mobiles are mobile, hence power
control is a continuous activity
Power Control (2)
• Open-loop • Closed-loop
– Open-loop power control – Closed-loop control bases its
estimates the channel and decision on an actual
adjusts power but does not performance metric: RSSI,
obtain feedback information to SNR, BER, FER etc.
determine effectiveness – The node B receives the metric
– Channel estimation is done by estimation and compares with
measuring the received pilot the chosen metric, a power
power and setting transmit control command is then
power to be inversely issued to the UE
proportional – If the control decision is made
– Fast but not accurate (assumes at the Node B additional
forward and reverse link paths information regarding the load
are closely correlated) of the cell can also be used
Downlink power control
• Why do we need downlink power control?
– Mobiles near the edge of the cell suffer from inter-cell interference hence
spoiling the “ideal” situation
– Log-normal shadowing
• Dynamic range of the downlink power control is smaller than uplink
and updates at a much slower rate
– The mobile monitors the FER from the Node B and periodically reports
this back (some modes only report an FER which exceeds a set value)
– The Node B receives the FER reports and slightly adjusts transmitting
power – the aim is to equalize performance of the downlink signals in the
cell or sector
• Downlink power control will alter the cell/sector shape and size
Uplink power control
• Performance of the uplink is most Metric estimation
affected by the “near-far” effect
– Fast closed loop power control Compare with
bases decisions on some reference
performance metric, e.g. received metric
power level, C-I, BER or FER (or
some combination). Performed Relate to
1500 times a second other users
– If power control is performed at
the Node B additional knowledge Issue power
about the performance of a group control
of mobiles may be used (more command
accurate but more complex in
design) Receive power control command
RNC – if
quality < SIRtarget
target, adjustments
increase BS – if SIR <
SIRtarget SIRtarget send
“power up”
command
Network access: uplink power
Mobile
control
transmit
power
2nd access
probe
• Access probes are used to
1st access correction determine the initial power
probe setting at the mobile
correction
• Initiate with very low power
levels which are then increased
by access probe corrections
• These are separated by some
Initial
transmit random time to allow for
power acknowledgement by the Node
B (and will not continue if the
Node B acknowledges
Random Interval
The RAKE receiver
• Other multi-path signals can be regarded as interference
• The RAKE is used to provide path diversity in multi-path channels
• Each multi-path component demodulator is called a “finger” on the
rake
• The number of fingers on the rake sets the hardware complexity,
however there exists a “law of diminishing returns” whereby the
increase in numbers of fingers initially provides large improvements
but gains are soon not so substantial (the higher number of fingers also
drains battery power faster)
• Chip rate of 3.84Mbps theoretically enables coherent resolution of
multipath components that are 0.26ms apart
The multi-path effect
– IS-95 also maintains a Candidate Set but this is not used in WCDMA
Hard Handover
• In FDMA and TDMA systems handover occurs when signal strength
of a neighbouring BS exceeds the signal strength of the serving BS by
a given threshold (typically 2-4dB). This is a “break before make”
approach also called “Hard Handover”
• Not suitable for CDMA systems as F reuse = 1 and this type of handoff
will cause too much interference – i.e. near-far effect causes problems.
Hence the UE starts talking to the neighbouring BS at the same time as
it is talking to its serving BS. This is a “make-before-break” approach,
known as “Soft Handover”
• Hard Handover is used for CDMA systems when handing between
channels (Licence A has 14.8MHz, nearly 3 channels), inter-system (to
non-CDMA systems) is obviously also HHO
Soft Handover
Mobile is located in overlapping coverage
areas of two or three cells (served by
separate Node Bs) communicates with
more than one sector of the same cell:
• Multiple separate (i.e. using different
cell scrambling codes) communications
• These are combined in the mobile on the
downlink
• These are combined in the RNC on the
uplink
– to ensure best possible frame reliability
– to alleviate outer loop power control
issues
Soft handover Functions
• Three main functions are required to perform SHO
– Radio link addition
– Radio link deletion
– Radio link replacement (combined addition and deletion)
ActiveSetFull?
AddCellToActiveSet
RemoveCellFromActiveList
Reporting range –
HysteresisEvent1A Reporting range +
HysteresisEvent1B
HysteresisEvent1C
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
a 1 a 1,2 a 2,3 a 2
n 2,3 n 3 n 1 n 1,3
Assume that triggering time is instantaneous, and that maximum active set size is 2
Execution of SHO
• The new Node B needs to know the following RNC information
– which service is being used
– what connection parameters are being used
– UE ID and up-link scrambling code
– relative timing information of the new cell with respect to existing UE
connections
Timing
difference
measurement
DCH timing
adjustment
Softer Handover
Uplink
power-control
reliability check
Max load
Outer-cell interference (Ioc) I hc
F
Home-cell interference (Ihc) I hc I oc
C W Pj Pj 1
( N )
) Pj N
( Nj I1Total
I vPj R
Where Pr is the received signal power at the Node B and N is the total number of users.
As N grows large the C-I ratio is effectively the reciprocal of the number of users
C-I Eb/No required to meet QoS Dependent on service, data rate, mobile speed etc
for a given service
CR Chip rate 3.84Mbps
ij Ratio of other cell to own cell Each user sees a different ij, depending on location in
interference cell and log normal fading
a’ Average orthogonality factor ITU vehicular A channel = 60%
in cell ITU pedestrian A channel = 90%
I’ Average other cell to own cell Macro-cell with omni-directional antenna = 55%
received by all users
References
• WCDMA for UMTS, Holma & • Presentations
Toskala Eds. Wiley, 2000 – UMTS Capacity and Planning,
Dave Lister
• CDMA RF System Engineering, – Shirin Dehghan
Yang, Artech House, 1998
– Radio Resource Management
• 3GPP documentation Strategies for WCDMA Amer El-
• Course Notes Saigh
– Wray Castle – Peter Cosimini
– Philips – Andy De La Torre
– Lucent
• Personal communications
– Graham Price, Julie Canning,
Stuart Davis, Andy De La Torre