Chemical Bonding (Review)

Atomic Orbitals

2s orbital (spherical) =>

2p orbital
S-orbital
p orbital
New probability distribution is called a molecular orbital (MO).

When two atomic orbitals overlap, we get two molecular orbitals.

This is called the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO).
Pi bond (p) is formed by sideways overlap of two
parallel p orbitals
sp3 Hybridized Orbitals: Tetrahedral Geometry
sp2 Hybridized Orbitals: Trigonal Planar Geometry
sp Hybridized Orbitals: Linear Geometry
Single Bond:  bond
Double Bond: 1  and 1 p
Rotation around Bonds
Triple Bond: 1  bond and 2 p bonds
Bonding in the Methyl Cation
Bonding in the Methyl Radical
Bonding in the Methyl Anion
 Electrostatic Potential Maps
Electrostatic potential maps show the charge distribution
within a molecule.
Ozone : Electrostatic Potential Maps and charge delocalization

•• + •• •– – •• +
•O O O• •O O O ••
• •• •• • •• •• ••
Electrostatic Potential Maps and Acidity of Hydrogen

CH3CH2OH CF3CH2OH
pKa 4.7 0.50
weaker stronger
The Main Ways Structure Affects Acid Strength

• The strength of the bond to the atom from

which the proton is lost.
• The electronegativity of the atom from
which the proton is lost.
• Changes in electron delocalization on
ionization.
 A Dipole
• A polar bond has a negative end and a positive end

dipole moment (D) = m = e x d

(e) : magnitude of the charge on the atom
(d) : distance between the two charges
 Molecular Dipole Moment
The vector sum of the magnitude and the direction of the individual
bond dipole determines the overall dipole moment of a molecule
Dipol moment
 Dipol moment

Resultant of these Resultant of these

two bond dipoles is two bond dipoles is

m=0D

Carbon tetrachloride has no dipole

moment because all of the individual
bond dipoles cancel.
 Dipol moment

Resultant of these Resultant of these

two bond dipoles is two bond dipoles is

m = 1.62 D

The individual bond dipoles do not

cancel in dichloromethane; it has
a dipole moment.