Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
Chapter Outline
• Conditions for Oligopoly
• Role of beliefs and strategic interaction
• Profit maximization in four oligopoly settings
– Sweezy oligopoly
– Cournot oligopoly
– Stackelberg oligopoly
– Bertrand oligopoly
• Comparing oligopoly models
• Contestable markets
9-2
Chapter Overview
Introduction
• Chapter 8 examined profit-maximizing behavior in
perfectly competitive, monopoly, and monopolistically
competitive markets. One distinguishing feature is the
absence of strategic interaction among the firms (in
monopoly markets, strategic interaction is irrelevant
since only one firms exists).
• This chapter focuses on how managers select the
optimal price and quantity in the following market
oligopoly market environments:
– Sweezy
– Cournot
– Stackelberg
– Bertrand
9-3
Conditions for Oligopoly
Key Conditions
• Oligopoly market structures are characterized by
only a few firms, each of which is large relative to
the total industry.
– Typical number of firms is between 2 and 10.
– Products can be identical or differentiated.
• An oligopoly market composed of two firms is
called a duopoly.
• Oligopoly settings tend to be the most difficult to
manage since managers must consider the likely
impact of his or her decisions on the decisions of
other firms in the market.
9-4
Role of Beliefs and Strategic Interaction
Strategic Interaction: Price Change Response
Price
Demand if rivals
C match price changes
Demand2
Demand1
0 𝑄0 Output
9-5
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-6
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Sweezy Oligopoly
Price
E MR1
MR Demand2
(rival matches price change)
0 𝑄0 F Output
MR2
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Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-8
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-9
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Cournot Oligopoly:
Reaction Functions Formula
• Given a linear (inverse) demand function
𝑃 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
and cost functions, 𝐶1 𝑄1 = 𝑐1 𝑄1 and
𝐶2 𝑄2 = 𝑐2 𝑄2 the reactions functions are:
𝑎 − 𝑐1 1
𝑄1 = 𝑟1 𝑄2 = − 𝑄2
2𝑏 2
𝑎 − 𝑐2 1
𝑄2 = 𝑟2 𝑄1 = − 𝑄1
2𝑏 2
9-10
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Quantity2
𝑄2 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦
Cournot equilibrium
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑄2 C
Firm 2’s Reaction Function
D A 𝑄2 = 𝑟2 𝑄1
B
9-11
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-12
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-13
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-14
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
A B C
∗
𝑄2 𝜋1 𝐴
𝜋1 𝐵
𝜋1 𝐶
Firm 1’s profit increases as isoprofit
curves move toward 𝑄1 𝑀
𝑄1 𝐴 𝑄1 𝐵 𝑄1 𝐶 𝑄1 𝑀 Quantity1
9-16
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Firm 2’s Reaction Function and Isoprofit Curves
Quantity2
Monopoly
point for
firm 2
𝑄2 𝑀
Firm 2’s profit increases as isoprofit
curves move toward 𝑄2 𝑀
9-17
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Cournot Equilibrium
Quantity2
𝜋2 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑄2 𝑀 Cournot Equilibrium
𝑄2 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝜋1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑄1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑄1 𝑀 Quantity1
9-18
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
F
∗∗
𝑄2
Due to decline in
firm 2’s marginal cost
E
𝑄2 ∗ 𝑟2 𝑟2 ∗∗
𝑄1 ∗∗ 𝑄1 ∗ 𝑄1 𝑀 Quantity1
9-19
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-20
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Collusion outcome
𝑄2 𝑀
𝑄2 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝜋1 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄1 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑄1 𝑀 Quantity1
9-21
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Incentive to Renege on Collusive
Agreements in Cournot Oligopoly
Quantity2
𝜋2 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋21𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑄2 𝑀
𝑄2 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋1 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜋1 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
9-22
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-23
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Stackelberg Equilibrium
Quantity Follower
𝜋2 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝜋2 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑄2 𝑀
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝜋1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑄2 𝐹𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜋1 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑄1 𝑀 𝑄1 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 Quantity Leader
9-24
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
Stackelberg Oligopoly:
Equilibrium Output Formulae
• Given a linear (inverse) demand function
𝑃 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
and cost functions 𝐶1 𝑄1 = 𝑐1 𝑄1 and 𝐶2 𝑄2 =
𝑐2 𝑄2 .
– The follower sets output according to the reaction
function
𝑎 − 𝑐2 1
𝑄2 = 𝑟2 𝑄1 = − 𝑄1
2𝑏 2
– The leader’s output is
𝑎 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑐1
𝑄1 =
2𝑏
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Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-27
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-28
Profit Maximization in Four Oligopoly Settings
9-30
Comparing Oligopoly Models
9-32
Comparing Oligopoly Models
9-33
Comparing Oligopoly Models
9-34
Contestable Markets
Key Conditions
• Contestable markets involve strategic
interaction among existing firms and potential
entrants into a market.
• A market is contestable if:
– All producers have access to the same technology.
– Consumers respond quickly to price changes.
– Existing firms cannot respond quickly to entry by
lowering price.
– There are no sunk costs.
• If these conditions hold, incumbent firms have
no market power over consumers.
9-35
Conclusion
• Different oligopoly scenarios give rise to
different optimal strategies and different
outcomes.
• Your optimal price and output depends on …
– Beliefs about the reactions of rivals.
– Your choice variable (P or Q) and the nature of the
product market (differentiated or homogeneous
products).
– Your ability to credibly commit prior to your rivals.
9-36
Computational Question: Assignment
• Two firms compete in a market to sell a
homogeneous product with inverse demand
function P=600-3Q. Each firm produces at a
constant marginal cost of $300 and has no fixed
costs. Use this information to compare the
output levels and profits in settings
characterized by 1) Cournot, 2) Stackelberg,
3) Bertrand and Collusive equilibrium.
2-37
Demand :P=600-3Q
• Cournot:
Q = Q 1 + Q2
P = 600 – 3 (Q1 + Q2)
TR1 = 600Q1 – 3 Q12 – 3Q1Q2
MR1 = 600 - 6Q1 – 3Q2 = 300 = MC
Q1 = (300 - 3Q2 )/6 = 50 – 0.5Q2
Q2 = 50 – 0.5 Q1
Q1 = 50 – 0.5(50 – 0.5 Q1) = 50 -25 +0.25 Q1
0.75 Q1 = 25 ; Q1 = 33.33 ; Q2 = 33.33
2-38
Demand :P=600-3Q
Model Output Profits
2-39