Presentation on

Gas Metering
By SNGPL-Metering Department
For gas flow Bernoulli’s equation reduces to

V12 / 2g + P1 / ℓ = V22 / 2g + P2 / ℓ
Or P2 – P1 / ℓ = V12 – V22 / 2g
the above equation can only be used if the pressure difference is less than 3%
otherwise the expression for relationship between pressure and density
would be incorporated.
Volume Measurement by Gas Meters
Gas meters are used for the accurate and continuous measurement of gas

Gas Volume Meters

Positive Displacement Meters Inferential Meters

The meters which measure gas by The meters which uses some
filling in the chambers of known property of fluid flow usually
volume and then displacing the gas, velocity to inference volume,
hence direct measurement hence in-direct measurement

Diaphragm Meters Turbine Meters

Rotary Meters Orifice Meters

Sonic Meters
Meters
 Meter Capacity: The maximum flow of gas that a meter can provide is
known as meter capacity. As the flow of gas through the meter increases, the
differential pressure (between meter inlet and outlet) also increases
 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP): The
maximum pressure at which meter can be operated is called MAOP
 Rangebility: The band of lowest and highest flow which a meter can
accurately measure
 Cyclic Volume: The Volume of gas that has passed in one complete cycle of
the gas meter i.e. movement of all the moving components has completed
 Pressure absorption or Differential Pressure: The difference of
pressure measured at inlet and outlet of connections of the meter during meter
operation
Types of Gas Meters and
their Principles of Operation

1. Positive Displacement Meters:

These meters measures the known volume of gas in the
fixed chamber and displaces this volume. The no of fixed
volumes displaced are calibrated to provide volume of gas
passed through the meter on its index. These meters have
deformable chamber walls in which volume of gas fills and
displaces out. These meters are further subdivide into :-

(i) Diaphragm Meters

(ii) Rotary Meters
A is emptying
B is filling
C is empty
D is full
A is empty
B is full
C is emptying
D is filling
A is filling
B is emptying
C is full
D is empty
A is full
B is empty
C is emptying
D is filling
Operation Schematic of Diaphragm Meters

Range ability 100 : 1

DIAPHGRAM METERS
REMUS G4 MKM250
RW275 AC250 SP250
RW310 MKM400 RW415
AL425 RW750 AL800
SP1000 AL1400 RW1600
RW3000 AL2300 RW5000
RW10000
DIAPHGRAM METERS

RW-750 RW-1600 RW-5000 RW-3000

SP-1000 RW-5000 Al-2300 Al-1400

Rotary Meters
Fundamentals of Rotary
Measurement
Clearance b/w impeller tips cylindrical walls & head plates:
0.001” – 0.015”

0.05” w.c. Differential pressure causes

the impellers to move and flow of gas starts

 Rotary Meter Operation

Range ability 25 : 1
 Rotary Measurement

Advantages Disadvantages

 Compact, smaller sizes  Heavy, larger sizes

 Various sizes available  Low-flow limitations

 Maximum pressure limitation
 Wide variety of
 Potential service
readouts
interruption
 Susceptible to contamination
 Requires lubrication
ROTARY METERS
RC3M175 RC5M175 RC7M175
RC11M175 RC16M175 RC23M175
RC38M175 RC56M175 RC102M175
D5 D6 D7
D8.8 D14 D23
DELTA G400 UGI 56M RVG100
RVG160 RVG250 ROMET3000
ROMET11000 ROMET23000
ROTARY METERS

CVM-5.3 Rc 7M175 Rc6M175 Rc 38M175

D-9 Delta G-100 Delta D-23 Delta D-23

RVG-250 Rm-38000 UGI-56000 G-1000

 Inferential Meters :

These meters do not directly measure the volume of gas but

uses some property of fluid flow to inference the gas volume.
Usually velocity of fluid stream is measured through the fixed
Area and volume is computed by using formula

Q = V×A

These meters are further sub divided into: -

(i) Turbine Meters
(ii) Orifice Meters
(iii) Sonic Meters
(iv) Vortex Meters
Turbine Meters

Gas turbine meters are velocity

sensing devices as are orifice
meters. The direction of flow
through the meter is parallel to a
turbine rotor axis and the speed of
rotation of the turbine rotor is
nominally proportional to the rate
of flow. Gas volumes are derived
or “inferred” from the rotations of
the turbine rotor.

A turbine meter introduces a restriction (called a nose cone) of known cross-sectional

area into the gas stream as does an orifice meter. However, the turbine meter determines
flow velocity through this restriction by counting rotations of a turbine rotor mounted in
the open or “throat” area of the restriction. The turbine blade rotations are transferred
through a gear train to a wide variety of readout devices where totalized volume at line
conditions is displayed.
FLOW PROFILES
“LAMINAR”

23
TURBULENT FLOW PROFILE

24
SWIRL FLOW PROFILE

25
Assuming a “Perfect” Turbo-Meter

 A single gas molecule impinging

on the rotor blade would cause
the blade to move with:
 No retarding forces to resist
movement (mechanical
friction)
 No loss of energy from the
flowing gas (fluid friction)
 Constant velocity
and the
 Direction & angle of flow
would remain constant
Actual Turbo-Meter
 Under actual operating
conditions, the speed of the
rotor is affected by:
 Mechanical Friction
 Bearing and gearing wear
 Readout devices
 Fluid Friction
 Windage drag of rotor
 Surface roughness
 Interaction of flow layer
 Installation Effects
 Negative swirl
 Positive swirl
 Jetting
 Pulsation
The Worst-case Single Rotor
Turbo-Meter Condition

 Gas flow deflects off the

locked rotor at the angle
of the rotor blades
 Turbo-Meter Fundamentals
Inferential Measurement Device
Basic Components of
“Infers” volume of gas by measuring a Turbo-Meter
Readout
the velocity of
gas through a known area.
Gear Train

Flow Velocity Area

Rate Nose Cone

Rotor

Installation Consideration ?
Body
 Auto Adjust Turbo Meters
Operating Conditions
Adjusted Volume
Pulse Output Main Rotor Mechanical Volume

Sensing Rotor

(MR Volume – SR Volume)

Main Sensing
Rotor Rotor