Energy and the States

Of Matter
Forces between particles
States of matter
Changes in state
 Learning objectives
 Describe types of motion in molecules
 Distinguish among states of matter based
on properties
 Describe four types of intermolecular forces
 Identify main forces operating in simple
substances
 Perform calculations of heat involved in
changes of state
 Atom motion and temperature
 Atoms in molecules have three types of
motion
 Rotation – moving about the centre of mass
 Vibration – vibrating about the centre of mass
 Translation – movement of the centre of mass
 As temperature increases, the energies of
all types of motion increase
 Three States of Matter
Solid: strong interactions
 Fixed shape
 Not compressible
 Rigid
 Dense
 Liquid: medium interactions
 Liquid
 Not rigid
 Assumes shape of container
 Not compressible
 Dense
 Gas: no interactions
 Not rigid
 Completely fills container
 Compressible
 Low density
 Plasma: the fourth state
 At very high energies (temperatures) all the
electrons are removed from the atoms
 Not an important state for chemistry
 May the force be with you
 Covalent and ionic bonds are the
intramolecular forces that hold the atoms in
molecules together
 Intermolecular forces hold the molecules
together
 Collectively, the intermolecular forces are
called van der Waals forces
 All arise from electrostatic interactions
 Intermolecular forces
 Polar molecules experience strong intermolecular
interactions due to existence of positive and
negative ends of dipoles
 Weaker forces exist between nonpolar molecules.
These are due to fluctuations in the electron
distributions in the molecules which create
momentary (weak) dipoles – London forces
 Intermolecular interactions are known collectively
as van der Waals forces
 The Four Forces of the Apocalypse
Name of force Origin Strength

Ion-dipole Between ions and Quite strong (10 –

molecules 50 kJ/mol)
Dipole-dipole Between Weak (3 – 4
permanent dipoles kJ/mol)
Hydrogen bonds Polar bonds with H Quite strong (10 –
and (O,N) 40 kJ/mol)
London Fluctuating dipoles in Weak (1 – 10
non-polar bonds
dispersion kJ/mol)
forces
 Hydrogen bonding: something about
water
 High boiling point
compared with similar
compounds
 Liquid at earth temperature
 Solid less dense than
liquid
 Essential for life on earth
 High heat capacity
 Modifying influence on
climate
 Universal solvent
 Hydrogen bonding
 The ultimate expression of polarity
 Small positive H atom exerts strong
attraction on O atom
 Other H-bonding molecules: HF, NH3
 H2O is the supreme example: two H atoms
and two lone pairs per molecule
 H2O has optimum combination of
lone pairs and H atoms
Number of lone Number of H
Compound
pairs atoms

HF 3 1

H2O 2 2

NH3 1 3
H bonding generates three-
dimensional network
 Ice floats!
 Something so familiar we might believe all
solids float on their liquids. Not so. Water is
the exception.
 Hydrogen bonding and life
 hold the two strands of the DNA double helix
together
 hold polypeptides together in such secondary
structures as the alpha helix and the beta
conformation
 help enzymes bind to their substrate
 help antibodies bind to their antigen
 help transcription factors bind to each other
 help transcription factors bind to DNA
 Implications for life on earth
 Without H-bonds
molecules like DNA
would not exist
 H-bonds hold the two
strands together
 Comparative
weakness of bonding
allows for DNA
replication dna
 Intermolecular forces determine
physical properties
 Strong ionic bonds
mean high melting
point
 Dipole-dipole
interactions – much
lower melting points
 Dispersion forces only
– very low melting
points