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Homework

• SHM: Q2,3,4(a),6
• Deadline: Day 4
1 Wave propagation

Mechanical Electromagnetic
waves waves
Require a Yes No
medium to
transmit energy?
Examples Sound Light
waves
Waves in a Radio waves
slinky spring
Transverse waves Longitudinal waves
Vibrations are at right angles to Vibrations are along the
the direction of travel of the direction of travel of the wave
wave

Direction of Direction of
vibration vibration

Direction of
Direction of
travel of wave
travel of wave
Examples Electromagnetic Examples Sound waves
waves, water
waves
Progressive / traveling Stationary / standing
waves waves
A disturbance moving from Energy is localized
a source to surrounding places

Energy is transmitted

C C C
A
Resting
position
T T T
Amplitude A: maximum disturbance measured from the
resting position
Wavelength  : minimum distance in which a wave repeat
itself
Frequency f: number of waves produced in one second
Period T: time taken for one wave to be produced
(T = 1/f = 2/)

C C C
A
Resting
position
T T T
Wave speed v: distance traveled by a wave in one second. (v = f)
When waves travel along a string or spring, the wave speed is

given by where T is the tension in the string or


T
v  mass per unit length.
spring and m is its 
This implies the wave speed can be increased if by stretching the string or
spring more.

C C C
A
Resting
position
T T T
Crest C: the peak of disturbance
Trough T: the bottom of disturbance
Note:
1. Speed of vibrating particles ≠ wave speed
4A
2. Average speed of vibrating particles = .
T
Displacement – distance graph and
displacement – time graph
Displacement – distance graph shows the displacements
of all the particles on the wave at a certain time.
Displacement – time graph shows the displacement of
one particle at different times
Example 1
displacement / cm
travelling direction
A
4
D

0 B C

5 10 15 20
distance / cm
4

(a) Find the amplitude, and the wavelength of the wave.


(b) If particle B performs 5 complete oscillations in 2 s,
find the frequency and the speed of the wave.
Example 1
displacement / cm
travelling direction
A
4
D

0 B C

5 10 15 20
distance / cm
4

(c) At the instant shown, which of the particles A, B, C


or D, is/are
(i) momentarily at rest,
(ii) moving upwards, and
(iii) moving downwards?
Phase difference
displacement
of particles in a wave
Direction of wave
P

Q
distance

Time P Q
0 At rest Upward
¼T Downward At rest
½T At rest Downward
¾T Upward At rest
T At rest Upward
Phase difference
displacement
of particles in a wave
Direction of wave
P

Q
distance

P leads Q by ¼ T or 90o or /2 radians


Phase difference of particles in a wave
displacement
Direction of wave
P’  P

Q
Q’ distance

Vectors P’ and Q’ are rotating in anticlockwise direction


with angular speed  where.
The projections of vectors P’ and Q’ on the axis of
displacement give the displacement time graphs of
particles P and Q.
Phase difference of P and Q is 90o or  / 2 radians.
P leads Q by 90o or  / 2 radians.

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