Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Neutral point
N S N x N
Note:
1. Field lines run from the N-pole round to the S-pole.
2. When field lines are closely-spaced, field is strong and vice-versa.
Example 1 (a)
S N
Example 1 (b)
N S
Example 1 (c)
S S
Example 1 (d)
a N
BH
ground
F
Magnetic force
current
F: force
B: magnetic field
I: current
Factors affecting magnetic force
F
Magnetic force
current
B: magnetic field
I: current
l: length of conductor in B-field
Current balance
magnetic force F
acting upwards
weight of the rider
is equal to the
magnetic force
when the frame
PQRS is balanced.
magnetic force and current
Record the
currents required
to balance different
number of identical
riders on PQ.
Results: magnetic
force (number of
riders) current
i.e. F I
magnetic force and length
magnetic field. (F l)
Precautions of using current
balance
Make sure the direction of the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the current-carrying arm.
Minimize the effect of the earth’s magnetic field by
aligning the current-carrying arm along the N-S
direction.
The set-up should be far from any current-carrying
conductors so as to avoid the effect of stray
magnetic fields.
To avoid overheating, the current should be switched
off as soon as measurements have been taken.
Shield the set-up from the disturbance of wind.
Magnetic flux density B
Definition:
Electric field E: force per unit charge
(E = F / Q)
Gravitational field g: force per unit mass.
(g = F / m)
Magnetic flux density B (magnetic field): force
acting per unit current length.
(B = F / Il )
In words: The magnetic flux density B is equal to the
force acting on a conductor of unit length and carrying
a unit current at right angles to the field.
Unit of B: Tesla (T) or N A-1 m-1
Typical Values of the magnetic
flux density
Source Magnetic field / T
I sin q
I
l
I cos q B
q
If the conductor and field are not at right angles, but make an
angle q with one another, the expression becomes
F = BIl sin q.
Note that:
1. when q = 90o (conductor ⊥ field), F = BIl.
2. when q = 0o (conductor // field), F = 0.
Magnetic force on moving charge in
a magnetic field
Current = Q / t
total charge in the conductor
time required for all charges to pass through a section
nq nqv
I
l l
v
Magnetic force on moving charge in
a magnetic field
Magnetic
+q v field B
Notes:
The magnetic force is always perpendicular to the motion of the
charged particle; no work is done by the magnetic field.
Kinetic energy of the charged particle remains constant.
Example 2
The path of an electron in a uniform magnetic field of flux density
0.01 T in a vacuum is a circle of radius 0.05 m. Given that the
charge and mass of an electron are -1.6 x 10-19 C and 9.1 x 10-31 kg
respectively. Find
(a) the speed and
(b) the period of its orbit.
Solution:
Current balance d1 d2
rider
simulation
Measuring d.c. voltages
Y-gain
control:
2 V cm-1
Y-gain
control:
5 V cm-1
Time base
setting:
10 ms cm-1
Peak voltage =
Period =
Frequency =
Example 4 CRO waveform
The figure below shows a waveform on a screen.
(a) If the controls on the CRO are set at 0.5 V cm-1
and 2 ms cm-1,
(i) the peak voltage, and
(ii) the frequency of the input signal.
Solution:
1 cm
1 cm
Example 4 CRO waveform
The figure below shows a waveform on a screen.
(b) If the gain control is changed to 1 V cm-1, sketch
the trace on the figure.
Solution:
1 cm
1 cm
Example 4 CRO waveform
The figure below shows a waveform on a screen.
(c) If the time base control is changed to 5 ms cm-1,
sketch the trace on the figure.
Solution:
1 cm
1 cm
Time base
phase difference f
If a double-beam CRO is not available, the phase
difference can be found by applying the two p.ds of the
same frequency and amplitude to the X- and Y-plates
(time base off) simultaneously.
The phase difference can be determined from the trace on
the screen of the CRO as follows.
simulation
In any particular case, the frequency ratio can be found by
fy no. of loops touching horizontal line
fx no. of loops touching verticall line
In any particular case, the frequency ratio can be found by
fy no. of loops touching horizontal line
fx no. of loops touching verticall line
Magnetic field around a long
straight wire
1. The field lines are circles
around the wire.
2. The magnetic field is the
strongest close to the wire.
3. Increasing the current makes
the magnetic field stronger.
4. Reversing the current also
reverses the direction of field
lines, but the field pattern
remains unchanged.
Right hand grip rule
If the right hand grips the wire so that the thumb points
the same way as the current, the fingers curls the same
way as the field lines.
Experiment to show that B ∝ I
and B ∝ 1 / r
B ∝ I and B ∝ 1 / r
B ∝ I/r
B = m0I/(2pr) where I is the current and is the
permeability of free space (m0 = 4p x 10-7 T m A-1)
B = m0I/(2pr)
(m0 = 4p x 10-7 T m A-1)
Example 7
Two long wires X and Y each carries a current of 20 A
in the directions as shown in the figure. If the
distance between the wires is 10 mm, find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density
at
(a) P P Q
5 mm 5 mm 5 mm
I = 20 A I = 20 A
X Y
B = m0I/(2pr)
(m0 = 4p x 10-7 T m A-1)
Example 7
Two long wires X and Y each carries a current of 20 A
in the directions as shown in the figure. If the
distance between the wires is 10 mm, find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic flux density
at
(b) Q. P Q
5 mm 5 mm 5 mm
I = 20 A I = 20 A
X Y
Magnetic field around a flat
coil
At the centre of the coil
The field lines are straight and
N
S
I
I
If the right hand grips the solenoid so that the fingers curls
the same way as the current, the thumbs points to the north
pole of the solenoid.
Magnetic field due to a long solenoid
N
S
I
I
N
S
I
I
N
S
I
I
1 m 0 NI m 0 nI
B' B
2 2l 2
B
m 0 NI m 0 NI m 0 nI m0 I m 0 NI
B B B m 0 nI
2r 2l 2 2p r l
B1
F2
P Q
B2
m 0 I1 I 2 l
F1 F2
2p r
m 0 I1 I 2
The force per unit length on each conductor F1 F2
l l 2p r
When the current I1 = I2 = 1 A, and the separation
between the wires r = 1 m,
the force per unit length on the conductor
4p 10 11 2 10
7
7
2p 1
N m-1
m 0 I1 I 2 l
F2 B1 I 2 l
2p r
Summary: Unlike current repel,
like current attract
F F
d d/2 d/2
F F
F’
q 90o
q 0o
q 40o
Moving-coil galvanometer
The moving-coil meter
contains a coil wound on an
aluminium former around a
soft-iron cylinder.
The coil is pivoted on
bearings between the poles
of a cylindrical magnet.
Current flows through the coil
via a pair of spiral springs
called hair springs.
Theory
When a current is passed
through a coil in a magnetic
field, the coil experiences a
torque. The coil rotates,
moving the pointer across the
scale.
The normal of plane of the coil
is always perpendicular to the
magnetic field, the torque on
the coil is given by
T = NBAI sin 90o = NBAI
Theory
The movement of the coil is
opposed by the hair
springs.
The restoring torque (t)
exerted by the hair springs
to oppose the rotation is
given by
t = kq
where k is the torsion
constant of the hairsprings
Linear scale