Steel Design FlowCharts 4-17-17

Steel Design Flowcharts
Updated 12/9/16
Still Need to Make Slides for:
Combined Loading W/ First & Second order Analysis pg 350 Mccormack
READ CHAPTER 2 of AISC for general INFORMATION
Beam End Bearing (Revisit) (pg 335 Textbook)
Bearing on Masonry ETC…\
Shear flow??
COLUMN SPLICES
Cover Plate Design w/ AISC E6 for Built up Sections/Columns & Bolts & Welds (pg 178
textbook)
AISC 14th Example II.1-20 & 21
STEEL TENSION MEMBER DESIGN
General Tensile Design Information
Tensile Design Information

• AISC Spec. D1 – Slenderness Limits Net Area
• AISC Spec. D2 – Tensile Strength • This will take into account the effect of bolt holes
• AISC Spec. D3 – Effective Net Area (Shear Lag Table D3.1) • 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴ℎ
• AISC Spec. D4 – Built-Up Members • 𝐴ℎ = 𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡 𝑑 + 0.125  𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑 + 0.125 𝑡
• AISC Spec. D5 – Pin-Connected Members • Net Area for a Chain of Holes
• AISC Spec. D6 – Eyebars 𝑠2
• 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − σ 𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡 + σ 𝑡
4𝑔
Important Tables • Example Above w/ 3/4” bolts (path A-B-G-H-D-E)
• Table D3.1 – Shear Lag Coefficients • Always use path with smallest 𝐴𝑛 because it is weakest & governs
• AISC Table 5-1 to 5-8 Available Strength in Axial Tension for Shapes 𝑠2 𝑠2
• 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 4 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 0.125 𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝑡+ 𝑡
• 5-1 (W-Shapes), 5-2 (Angles), 5-3 (WT), 5-4 (Rectangle HSS) 4𝑔2 4𝑔5
• 5-5 (Square HSS), 5-6 (Round HSS) 5-7 (Pipe), 5-8 (Dbl Angle) • Shear Lag Coefficient (U)  AISC Table D3.1  Use highest applicable U
• Bolted connections 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑈
• AISC J4.1 connecting element w/ bolts 𝐴𝑛 must be less than 0.85𝐴𝑔
• Welded connections 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑔 𝑈  Case 4 is quite common. Case 2 w/ angles
• *Hint: When using Table D3.1 Case 2 for Wide Flanges, get 𝑥ҧ from a WT
General Provisions section that is equivalent to half the full section (e.g. WT5x22.5 for a W10x45).
𝐿 𝐼
• Block Shear
• Preferable for ≤ 300  r = 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 [AISC EQ J4-5]
𝑟 𝐴
𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1 when tension stress is uniform, 0.85 otherwise. OR 0. 5 in coped beams w/ more than 1 row bolts
• Limit States 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑔𝑣 − 𝐴ℎ𝑣
• Tensile Yield 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 ∅ = 0.9 Lowest governs 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (remove hole areas) = 𝐴𝑔𝑡 − 𝐴ℎ𝑡
• Tensile Rupture 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 ∅ = 0.75 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑅𝑛
• Ductile Failure if 0.9𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 ≤ 0.75𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒
ANY STEEL COMPONENT– FLEXURE CHECK
AISC Spec. F11 (Rectangular bars & rounds) can be used to evaluate the yield/load
capacity of things like: 1) angle legs in local loading, 2) flange local bending loads,
3) seated load yielding, etc. A36 L6x4x3/8 (6in long) P
4 inches
“Y” inches
Yielding: ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗 Fixed Anchor

𝐹𝑦 𝑍
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = Lesser of ൝
Consider Boundary Conditions for: 1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆 Max Allowable Load ∅P?
For rectangular sections:
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑍= 4 & 𝑆= 6 Angle Yielding: Yielding in Long Leg Governs!
2
For circles & others: See below 𝑏𝑑2 6 3ൗ
𝑍𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑒𝑔 = = 8 = 0.211
4 4
2
𝑏𝑑2 6 3ൗ
𝑆𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝐿𝑒𝑔 = = 8 = 0.141
6 6
𝐹𝑦 𝑍 = 36 0.211 = 7.60 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛 (𝐺𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑆)

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = Lesser of ൝
1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆 = 1.6 36 0.141 = 8.12 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 7.60 = 6.84 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛
∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢  6.84 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛 = (4𝑖𝑛)(𝑃)  𝑃 = 1.71 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Load on Fixed Anchor:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑛 = 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Applied Shear load per bolt  𝑏𝑣 = 𝑛
𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 "𝑋"
Prying Tension  𝑇 = "𝑌"
𝑇
Prying Tension Per Bolt  𝑏𝑎 = 𝑛
STEEL BEAM – FLEXURE DESIGN
Doubly Symmetric Steel Bent About the Major Axis
Zone 1 Bending Zone 2 Bending Zone 3 Bending

Calculate Design Lb ≤ Lp Lp < Lb < Lr Lr< Lb
Factored Loads
AISC Table 3-6 to get BF (Also consider Table 3-10) Table 3-10 Flex str & Unbraced Length
Calculate Available flexural strength greater than ultimate factored 𝑀𝑛 = Lesser of 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 & 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
required plastic load and less than factored plastic moment with Cb = 1.0
section modulus 𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑏 𝐶𝑏1.0𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏1.0 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹 𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 [Table 3-6]
when
Maximum 𝑀
Zx,req = ∅ 𝐹𝑢 Or unconservatively incorporate true Cb 𝐶𝑏 𝜋 2 𝐸 𝐽𝐶 𝐿𝑏 2
Moment Mu 𝑏 𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿𝑏 2
1 + 0.078
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑏 𝐶𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝑏 𝐶𝑏 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 − 𝐵𝐹 𝐿𝑏 − 𝐿𝑝 ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 [Table 3−6 𝑆𝑥 ℎ0 𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑟𝑡𝑠
Calculate Ireq to Satisfy Use AISC Manual Table 3-2 AISC Table 3-1
If initial Cb1.0 was taken as 1.0, then
Deflection Requirements: IBC to select member based on Amplify by true Cb to LTB (not plastic moment)
Amplify by true Cb
or ASCE 7-10 following criterion: Maximum factored bending moment with Cb =
Maximum factored bending moment with
*Consider Live Load and Total Load * Zx,req , Ireq , ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥 table given value.
USE SERVICE LOADS! Cb = table given value. Table 3-1
𝐶𝑏 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 < ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥
𝐶𝑏 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 < ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑥
Determine Cb Table 3-1 Ireq to comply with IBC

*Consider Lb & Zone 1,2, or 3 bending serviceability deflection limits.
Use Table 3-2 or 3-6 Lp and Lr values *Specify camber if not compliant
I beam and C shape About the Minor Axis
Calculate Design
Factored Loads Compact Flanges: Noncompact Flanges: Slender Flanges:
Flexural Yield Strength Controls Check Flexural Yield & Flange Local Buckling Check Critical Load
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = Lesser of 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦 𝑀𝑝 = Lesser of 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑦
Maximum 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑦
Moment Mu
1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 1.6 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 0.69 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝑏
Determine Mn to satisfy Also see Table 3-4 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑦 2𝑡𝑓
loading 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐹6 𝑝𝑔 16.1 − 56

λ − λ𝑝𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦 b = for I-shaped members, use half
λ𝑟𝑓 −λ𝑝𝑓
of the full-flange width.
øMn > Mu ?
Compact, Noncompact, Slender? Table B4.1b Case 10 Also see Table 3-4 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑝𝑦
example.
Be careful with “b” dimension and “t”

For I shaped members use half of “b” for flange width øMn > Mu ?
øMn > Mu ?
𝑏𝑓 𝑏𝑓
(or 2𝑡 for I shaped).
𝑡𝑓 𝑓
λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑝𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝𝑓
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝𝑓 < λ < λ𝑟𝑓 Shortcut: AISC Table 3-4
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟: λ𝑟𝑓 < λ
Square and Rectangular HSS and Box Members
CONTROLLING LIMIT STATES: Identify Applicable Flange and Web Conditions
Calculate Design
Factored Loads
Table 1-12A for Simplified Compactness Criterion
Flange Conditions
A) Compact Flanges: B) Noncompact Flanges: C) Slender Flanges:
Flexural Yield Strength Controls Check Flange Local Buckling
Maximum
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑒
Moment Mu 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
When 𝑆𝑒 is the effective section modulus evaluated w/:
Also see Table 3-12 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 𝐸 0.38 𝐸
𝑏𝑒 = 1.92𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦
1− 𝑏 𝐹𝑦
≤ b (AISC Eq. F7-4)
𝑡𝑓
𝑏 𝐹𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑆 3.57 𝑡 − 4.0 ≤ 𝑀𝑝 See AISC 14th Ed. design example F.8B
Determine Mn to satisfy øMn > Mu ? 𝑓 𝐸
Compare to Table 3-12 or 3-13
loading Also see Table 3-12 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛
øMn > Mu ? øMn > Mu ?

Identify Governing Limit State for Moment Capacity
Compact, Noncompact, or Slender Flanges? Table B4.1b Case 17. Web Conditions
λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 * b/t listed in the AISC Chapter 1 tables.
D) Compact Web: E) Noncompact Web:
λ𝑝𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Flexural Yield Strength Controls Check Web Local Buckling
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝𝑓
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝𝑓 < λ < λ𝑟𝑓 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 ℎ 𝐹𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 𝐹𝑦 𝑆 0.305 − 0.738 ≤ 𝑀𝑝
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟: λ𝑟𝑓 < λ Also see Table 3-12 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 𝑡𝑤 𝐸
Also see Table 3-12 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛
Compact or Noncompact Web? Table B4.1b Case 19
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝𝑓 øMn > Mu ?
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝𝑓 < λ < λ𝑟𝑓
Round HSS and Pipe Members
Calculate Design
Factored Loads
HSS Conditions
A) Compact HSS: B) Noncompact HSS: C) Slender HSS:
Flexural Yield Strength Controls Check Local Buckling Check Critical Flexural Stress
Maximum
Moment Mu 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍 0.021𝐸
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐷 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑆 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆
Also see Table 3-14 ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 𝑡
0.33𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
𝐷
Determine Mn to satisfy øMn > Mu ? 𝑡
øMn > Mu ?
loading
Identify Governing Limit State for Moment Capacity

Compact, Noncompact, or Slender Round HSS Section? Table B4.1b Case 20.
λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 * D/t listed in the AISC Chapter 1 tables.
λ𝑝 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝 < λ < λ𝑟
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟: λ𝑟 < λ
Tees and Double Angle Members Loaded in Plane of Symmetry
Determine Governing 𝑀𝑛 . Lowest of A through D:
Calculate Design
A) Flexural Yield Strength: B) Lateral Torsional Buckling: C) Flange Local Comp. Buckling:
Factored Loads
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = stem in tension: min of: 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 𝜋 𝐸𝐼𝑦 𝐺𝐽 Compact Flange: N/A
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐵 + 1 + 𝐵2
1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥 𝐿𝑏 Noncompact Flange:
𝑑 𝐼𝑦 λ−λ𝑝𝑓
stem in comp.: min of: 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 Where: 𝐵 = ±2.3 “+” for stem in tension 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 − 𝑀𝑝 − 0.7𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑐 ≤ 1.6𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥
Maximum 𝐿𝑏 𝐽 λ𝑟𝑓 −λ𝑝𝑓
𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥
Moment Mu “-” for stem in comp. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∶ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 =
𝐼𝑥−𝑥
& 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑋 𝑍𝑋 for comp. yield
𝑦ത𝑥−𝑥
øMn > Mu ? Slender Flange:

0.7𝐸𝑆𝑥𝑐
Determine Mn to satisfy øMn > Mu ? 𝑀𝑛 = 2
𝑏𝑓
2𝑡𝑓
loading
D) Stem Local Comp. Buckling:
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 øMn > Mu ?

Compact, Noncompact, or Slender Member? Table B4.1b Cases 10 & 14. 𝑑 𝐸
𝑏𝑓 If: ≤ 0.84  𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹𝑦
λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 * b/t & d/t listed in the AISC Chapter 1 tables. 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
2𝑡𝑓
λ𝑝 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐸 𝑑 𝐸 𝑑 𝐹𝑦
0.84 ˂ 𝑡 ≤ 1.03  𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 2.55 − 1.84 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑦 𝑤 𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 𝐸
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝 < λ < λ𝑟
𝐸 𝑑 0.69𝐸
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟: λ𝑟 < λ 1.03 ≤  𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑑 2
𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤
𝑡𝑤
øMn > Mu ?
STEEL BEAM – SHEAR DESIGN: AISC Ch. G
W, S, & HP Shapes Rectangle HSS &
up to Fy of 50 ksi: Box Shapes: Round HSS
Calculate Design
Factored Loads Determine Vn to satisfy Determine Vn to satisfy
loading loading
Maximum ∅𝑣 𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑣 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣 ∅𝑣 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔

Shear Vu Usually 𝐴𝑤 = 2ℎ 𝑡𝑤 ∅𝑣 𝑉𝑛 =
2
ℎ = 𝑑 − 3𝑡𝑤
𝑡𝑤 = 𝑡 1.6𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑘𝑣 = 5 𝐿𝑣 𝐷 5/4
Determine Vn to satisfy ∅𝑣 = 0.9 𝐷 𝑡

𝐶𝑣 calculated by AISC Eq. G2-3, G2-4, & G2-5.
loading 0.78𝐸
𝐷 3/2
𝑡
∅𝑣 𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑣 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣 But less than 0.6𝐹𝑦
Usually 𝐴𝑤 = 𝑑 𝑡𝑤
Usually 𝐿𝑣 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜

For members with 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
ℎ 𝐸
≤ 2.24  ∅𝑣 = 1.00 𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 ∅𝑣 = 0.9
This includes all 50+ ksi W,S,&HP shapes except:
W44x230, W40x149, W36x135, W33x118, AISC Eq. G2-3, G2-4, & G2-5.
W30x90, W24x55, W16x26, & W12x14
Otherwise: ∅𝑣 = 0.90 𝐶𝑣 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 by

AISC Eq. G2-3, G2-4, & G2-5.
STEEL Compression/Column Design
Approximate Values of Effective Length Factor, K
Nominal Compressive Strength End 1 End 2 Theoretical K
Recommended
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 [AISC E3-1] Built-in (rotation fixed,

Design K-Value
Built-in 0.50 0.65
• For LRFD: ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 translation fixed)
Pinned (rotation free,
• K = effective length factor [AISC Apdx. 7] Built-in
translation fixed)
0.70 0.80
Rotation fixed,
Built-in 1.00 1.20
translation free
Built-in free 2.00 2.10
Calculating Effective Length [KL] for each Axis (XX, YY, ZZ) Pinned Pinned 1.00 1.00
• Largest KL/r governs (keep under 200) Pinned
Rotation fixed,
2.00 2.00
translation free
• If member sizes are known, calculate 𝐺𝐴 & 𝐺𝐵
• Apply them to the proper Alignment Chart (Sway or Nonsway)
to get “K”
𝐸𝐼 𝐼
σ 𝑐𝑜𝑙 σ 𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑙
𝐺= 𝐸𝐼𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 (if all steel is same material)
σ σ
𝐿𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
Slender Elements ≠ Slender Members
Check Table B4.1a for slender elements

(𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞: 𝝀𝒓𝒘 )
STEEL Compression/Column Design – AISC Spec E3
Compressive Strength for Flexural Members w/out Slender Elements Slender elements can buckle before overall member buckling.
Nominal Compressive Strength

• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 [AISC E3-1]
• For LRFD: ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
• ∅𝑐 = 0.9
• AISC Table 4-22 Design Str. For Various KL/r Values
Calculating Effective Length [KL] for each Axis (XX, YY, ZZ)
• Largest KL/r governs (keep under 200)
• If member sizes are known, calculate 𝐺𝐴 & 𝐺𝐵
• Apply them to the proper Alignment Chart (Sway or Nonsway)
to get “K”
When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦 𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 or ≤ 2.25 > 4.71 or > 2.25
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒 𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝜋2𝐸
𝐹𝑒 = 2
𝐾𝐿
𝑟
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 ?
“Select the Lightest I shaped Column” Style Design “Determine the Design Load Capacity” Style Design
(without slender elements) (without slender elements)
Determine 𝑃𝑢 Alternate Procedure!

• Factored Loadings Determine the Slenderness Ratio Determine the Slenderness Ratio
• Largest KL/r governs • Largest KL/r governs
𝐾 𝐿 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦
Determine Effective Length 𝐾𝐿 • So check 𝑥𝑟 𝑥 & 𝑟 • So check &
𝑥 𝑦 𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦
• Consider each axis x-x, y-y, & z-z
• Longest governs
Member in Elastic or Inelastic Range for 𝐹𝑐𝑟 ? AISC Table 4-22
• Available ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 by KL/r
Determine Effective Length 𝐾𝐿 When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio
𝐹𝑦
• Consider each axis x-x, y-y, & z-z 𝐾𝐿
≤ 4.71
𝐸
or
𝐹𝑦
≤ 2.25
𝐾𝐿
> 4.71
𝐸
or > 2.25
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒 𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒
• Longest governs 𝐹𝑦 ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
AISC Table 4-1 to select member
𝜋 2𝐸
• ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 𝐹𝑒 = 2
𝐾 𝐿 𝐾𝐿
• Verify 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 ′ = 𝑥𝑟𝑥 𝑥 < 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 𝑟
𝑟𝑦
• Otherwise: Verify column @ length 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 ′

• If it doesn’t verify, select a larger column size ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 ?
Other Cases
Torsional or Flex/Torsional Buckling of Members See AISC Table 4-7 thru 4-12 for shortcut
w/out Slender Elements Lowest value of 𝐹𝑐𝑟 governs:
• 𝐹𝑒 for doubly symmetric members
Strength Governed by Nominal Comp. Str. Double Angle & T-Shaped Comp. Members 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐶𝑤 1
𝐹𝑒 = + 𝐺𝐽
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 𝐾𝑧 𝐿 2 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
Lowest value of 𝐹𝑐𝑟 governs: • 𝐹𝑒 for doubly symmetric members
• Standard Flexural Buckling in X & Y
𝐹𝑐𝑟 is categorized as (previous slide) 𝐹𝑒𝑦 + 𝐹𝑒𝑧 4𝐹𝑒𝑦 𝐹𝑒𝑧 𝐻
𝐹𝑒 = 1− 1−
• Double angle and T-shaped comp. • Torsional and Flexural/Torsional Buckle 2𝐻 𝐹𝑒𝑦 + 𝐹𝑒𝑧
2
members 𝜋2 𝐸
Torsional & Flex/Torsion Buckle Where: 𝐹𝑒𝑥 =
• All other cases See AISC Table 4-7 thru 4-12 for shortcut
𝐾𝑥 𝐿 2
𝑟𝑥
• Doubly symmetric members 𝐹𝑒𝑦 =
𝜋2 𝐸
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 + 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 4𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 𝐻 𝐾𝑦 𝐿 2
• Singly symmetric members 𝐹𝑐𝑟 =
2𝐻
1− 1− 2 𝑟𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 + 𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧
• Unsymmetrical members Where: 𝐹𝑒𝑧 =
𝜋2 𝐸𝐶𝑤
+ 𝐺𝐽
1
𝐾𝑧 𝐿 2 𝐴𝑔 𝑟0ҧ 2
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑦 = traditional 𝐹𝑐𝑟 from AISC Eq. E3-2 & E3-3
𝐺𝐽 When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio
𝐹𝑐𝑟,𝑧 =
𝐴𝑔 𝑟0ҧ 2 𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐾𝐿 𝐸
≤ 4.71 > 4.71
𝑟0ҧ 2 = polar radius of gyration about shear center 𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 𝐹𝑦
𝐼𝑥 +𝐼𝑦 𝐹𝑦
= 𝑋02 + 𝑌02 + where: 𝑋0 & 𝑌0 are distances 𝐹𝑒
𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
between shear center and centroid.
Shear center for double angle and T shaped is at web-flange
𝑡
intersection. This makes it 𝑌0 = 𝑌ത − 𝑓ൗ2
𝑋02 +𝑌02
𝐻 = 1− (𝑋02 = 0 for members symmetrical about Y-axis)
𝑟0ҧ 2
(𝑌02 = 0 for members symmetrical about X-axis) ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 ?
Torsional or Flex/Torsional Buckling of Members
with Slender Elements
Strength Governed by Nominal Comp. Str.
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
• Just use Table 4 - #
Columns w/ Cover Plates Bolted or Welded w/
equivalent “r” (pg 178 Mccormacka Textbook)
STEEL Compression/Column Design – AISC Spec E
Design of Single Angles in Comp. Use CHAPTER “H” IF These Conditions Not
Satisfied
Eccentricity may be neglected when: Choose proper effective member slenderness ratios:
SHORTCUT!
• Members are loaded at the ends in compression through the same leg Case 2 – Web members of box or space trusses with adjacent web members 𝐾𝐿
After getting 𝑟
• Members are attached by welding or by at least 2 bolts per connection attached to the same side of the gusset plate or chord
multiply by member 𝑟𝑧
• There are not intermediate transverse loads so
2A) For equal leg angles and unequal leg angles connected through longer leg:
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥 𝐾𝐿
Choose proper effective member slenderness ratios: if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 75 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 75 KL = 𝑟
𝑟𝑧
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝐾𝐿 𝐿
= 60 + 0.80 = 45 + 1.00 ≤ 200
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Case 1 – Individual members & web members of planar trusses w/ 𝑥 𝑥 Use Table 4-11 to
interpolate ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛
adjacent web members attached to the same side of the gusset plate or 2B) For unequal leg angles with ratio of long leg/short leg length less than 1.7
chord and connected through shorter leg: 𝑜𝑟
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥
1A) For equal leg angles and unequal leg angles connected through 𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2 𝐿
if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 75: = 60 + 0.80 +6 − 1 ≤ 0.82
longer leg: 𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 75:

𝐾𝐿
= 45 + 1.00
𝐿
+6
𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2
− 1 ≤ 0.82
𝐿
if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 80 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 80 𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝐾𝐿 𝐿
= 72 + 0.75 = 32 + 1.25 ≤ 200
𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑟 𝑟𝑥 When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦 𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐹𝑦
≤ 4.71 or ≤ 2.25 > 4.71 or > 2.25 BEST SHORTCUT!
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒 𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑒 𝑲𝑳
1B) For unequal leg angles with ratio of long leg/short leg length less After getting 𝒓
𝐹𝑦
than 1.7 and connected through shorter leg: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 Use Table 4-22 to
• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥 interpolate ∅𝒄 𝑷𝒏
𝜋 2𝐸
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2 𝐿 𝐹𝑒 =
if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 80: = 72 + 0.75 +4 − 1 ≤ 0.95 𝐾𝐿 2
𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧 𝑟
𝐾𝐿 𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 2 𝐿
if L/𝑟𝑥 > 80: = 32 + 1.25 +4 − 1 ≤ 0.95
𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧 ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
Base Plate and Anchor Bolt Design
AISC Part 14  Bearing Plates & Anchor Rods
• Table 10-1  Plate finishing allowances
• Table 10-2  Max. Anchor-Rod holes in Base Plates & WASHER THCK
AISC Design Guide 1
• Washer do not need to be hardened
• Anchor-rod sizing and layout
• Use ¾” diameter ASTM F1554 Gr. 36 whenever possible.
• Tolerances in ACI 117 & AISC 303 Section 7.5.1
Column Setting Methods

• Setting Nut and Washer Method
• Typical w/ 4-rod layout
• Be sure to check push-out at bottom of footing
• Setting Plate Method (AISC M4.4)
• Use a setting plate to establish elevations
• Can be repeated if errors occur
• Shim Stack Method
• Use shims to stabilize each size of base plate
Grout
• Should have a compressive strength at least twice that of the concrete foundation
OSHA
• Requires 4-rod minimum per base-plate connection.
• Excluding columns/post less than 300 lbs.
AISC Design Guide 1 AISC Design Guide 1
• Five considerations of AISC DG1 • See Design Examples for the Five considerations of AISC DG1
• Concentric Compressive Axial Loads • Concentric Compressive Axial Loads
• Tensile Axial Loads • Tensile Axial Loads
• Column Base Plates w/ Small Moments • Column Base Plates w/ Small Moments
• Column Base Plates w/ Large Moments • Column Base Plates w/ Large Moments
• Shear Design • Shear Design
Concentric Compressive Axial Loads
• ACI 318 10.14  Design Bearing Strength = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 ∅ = 0.65
𝐴1
• May multiply by ൗ𝐴2 ≤ 2 if support wider than base plate on all sides
• AISC J8 Design Bearing Strength = 𝑃𝑝 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 when using whole support
• 𝑃𝑝 = ∅ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 𝐴1
ൗ𝐴2 ≤ 1.7𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 ∅ = 0.60
• Required bearing stress under base plate AISC DG1 (pg. 16-18)
• Case 1: 𝐴1 = 𝐴2
𝑃𝑢
• 𝐴1𝑟𝑒𝑞 = ′
∅𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐
• Case 2: 𝐴2 ≥ 4𝐴1
𝑃𝑢
• 𝐴1𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
2∅𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
• Case 3: 𝐴1 < 𝐴2 < 4 𝐴1
𝑃𝑢
• 𝐴1𝑟𝑒𝑞 = ′
2∅𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐
STEEL Column Splice Design
AISC Ch14
Problem 7 from Structural Engr Solved Problems
Cives Steel Books from Don
Combined Stress Member Design – AISC Spec H
Combined Stress Member Design covers:
• H1 – Doubly & Singly Symmetrical Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
• H2 – Unsymmetrical & Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
• H3 – Members Under Torsion & Combined Tors, Flex, Shear, & or Axial Force
• H4 – Rupture of Flanges with Holes Subject to Tension
H1 – Doubly & Singly Symmetrical Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force
Doubly & Singly Symmetric: Design for Axial Force and Flexure or Biaxial Flexure
The following general set of equations [AISC H1-1a & 1b] govern (ø and Ω applied
prior to inserting in the equations). Doubly Symmetric: Design for Tension and Flexure or Biaxial Flexure
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟 8 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦
For ≥ 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0 [H1-1a] Use Equations H1-1a & H1-1b, with the caveat
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐 9 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
𝛼𝑃𝑟 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑦
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝑥 𝑀𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑏 from Ch. F may be multiplied by 1 + where: 𝑃𝑒𝑦 = ;
For < 0.2 + + ≤ 1.0 [H1-1b] 𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝐿2𝑏
𝑃𝑐 2𝑃𝑐 𝑀𝑐𝑥 𝑀𝑐𝑦
Where: 𝛼 = 1.00 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 = 1.60 𝐴𝑆𝐷
• 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ Despite this: You can use a conservative 𝐶𝑏 of 1.0
• 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• 𝑀𝑐 = available flexural strength
Doubly Symmetric & Singly Symmetric Constrained to bend about a geometric Axis:
Design for Tension and Flexure or Biaxial Flexure
Use Equations H1-1a & H1-1b, with the caveat
𝛼𝑃𝑟 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼𝑦
𝐶𝑏 from Ch. F may be multiplied by 1 + where: 𝑃𝑒𝑦 = ; 𝛼 = 1.00 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 = 1.60 𝐴𝑆𝐷
𝑃𝑒𝑦 𝐿2𝑏
Despite this: You can use a conservative 𝐶𝑏 of 1.0
Combined Stress Member Design – AISC Spec H
Beam-Columns Using Second Order Analysis
• Pg 350 of Mccormack Textbook
• Magnification factors
• Direct analysis method
• Effective length method
• Approximate 2nd order methods
Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J
Bolt Bearing Capacity ∅𝑣 = 0.75
Check each piece (although it may be obvious that one governs based on
Bolted Connections – AISC Chapter J (K for HSS) thickness)!
• AISC Part 7 – Design Considerations for Bolts 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Shortcut: AISC Table 7-4 or 7-5  ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
• AISC Part 8 – Design Considerations for Welds
∅𝑣 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑛[(∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 )(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑙 )] n = # of bolts in shear
• AISC Part 9 – Design of Connecting Elements
THE LONG WAY IS REQUIRED IF BOLT SPACINGS DON’T
• AISC Part 10 – Design of Simple Shear Connections
CONFORM TO AISC TABLES!!
• AISC Part 11 – Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections 2
• AISC Part 12 – Design of Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections Long Way: when bolt spacing doesn’t conform to 23 𝑑𝑏 or 3” (AISC Table
1
• AISC Part 13 – Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections 7-4 measured from center to center) or edge distance doesn’t meet 1 4” or
2” (AISC Table 7-5 measured center to edge).
AISC Tables:
AISC J3.10 Specifications: ∅𝑣 = 0.75
Table 7-1 – Available Shear Str. Of Bolts: Single or Double Shear Planes
• For a bolted connection w/ standard, oversize, or short-slotted holes,
Table 7-2 – Available Tensile Strength of Bolts
independent of load direction, or a long-slotted hole w/ slot parallel to
Table 7-3 – Slip Critical Conn: Shear Str., if slip service limit-state
direction of bearing force per bolt:
Table 7-4 – Available Bearing Str. @ Bolt Holes: Bearing for Support/Supported Elements, based on
• When service load deformation @ hole is considered ( δ< 0.25”)
Bolt Spacing. Section J3.10
𝑅𝑛 = 1.2𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢 ≤ 2.4𝑑𝑡𝐹𝑢 (shear tearout vs ovalization)
Table 7-5 – Available Bearing Str. @ Bolt Holes: Bearing for Support/Supported Elements, based on
• When deformation is not a design consideration
Edge Distance. Section J3.10
𝑅𝑛 = 1.5𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢 ≤ 3.0𝑑𝑡𝐹𝑢
Table J3.1 – Minimum Bolt Pretension
• For a bolt in a connection w/ long-slotted holes w/ slot perpendicular to
Table J3.2 – Nominal Str. of Fasteners & Threaded Parts
direction of force:
Table J3.3 – Nominal Hole Dimensions
𝑅𝑛 = 1.0𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢 ≤ 2.0𝑑𝑡𝐹𝑢
Table J3.4 – Minimum Edge Distance from Center of Standard Hole to Edge of Connected Part
𝑙𝑐 = clear distance in direction of force between edge of hole and edge of
Table J3.5 – Values of Edge Distance Increment C2
adjacent hole 𝑆 − 𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 or edge of mtrl 𝐿𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 0.5𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 0.125"
Important Sections d = nominal bolt diameter
AISC Spec J3.1 – Group A (A325) & Group B (A490) high strength bolts t = thickness of connecting material bearing against bolt.
AISC Spec J3.3 – Minimum Bolt Spacing (not less than 𝟐 𝟐Τ𝟑 𝒅𝒃 , 3𝒅𝒃 preferred)
AISC Spec J3.4 – Minimum Edge Spacing (Table 3.4 per Section J3.10) • Total bearing resistance shall be taken as the sum of the bearing
AISC Spec J3.5 –Max Edge Distance (bolt center to edge) = 12(𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏.𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 ) ≤ 𝟔" resistance of individual bolts
• σ ∅𝑅𝑛
– Max Bolt Long. Spacing = unpainted/painted corrosion resist  24𝒅𝒃 ≤ 𝟏𝟐"
• For HSS connections w/ bolts that pass through, see AISC J
Weathering Steel  14𝒅𝒃 ≤ 𝟕"
Simple Tension Bolted Lap Splice Identify Preliminary Design Parameters
thicknesses, bolt sizes, Fy, Fu, dims. Failure Mode LRFD (Kips)
Gross Section Yield (piece 1) #
Net Section Rupture (piece 1) #
Gross Section Yield Check each piece! Gross Section Yield (piece 2) #
∅𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = ∅𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑦 ∅𝑡 =0.9 Net Section Rupture (piece 2) #
Bolts in Shear #
Bolts in Bearing (piece 1 or 2) #
Net Section Rupture Check each piece! Block Shear Rupture #
∅𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = ∅𝑡 𝐴𝑒 𝐹𝑢 ∅𝑡 =0.75
Be sure to consider shear lag. 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛
In the case of this plate, U=1.0 for full contact. However, use Lowest Value GOVERNS
D3.1 for the angle (case 2 (best) or 8).
Bolted Connections – Tension Considerations

• Gross Section Yield of Each Piece Check Bolts in Shear
AISC Table 7-1  ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 in kips/bolt
• Net Section Rupture of Each Piece
∅𝑣 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑛∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 n = # of bolts in shear
• Bolts in Single/Double Shear
• Bolts in Bearing
Bolt Bearing Capacity (Shortcut Used: See previous Slide for Methods)
• Block Shear Rupture Use long way if shortcut won’t work for spacings
Check each piece (although it may be obvious that one governs based on
thickness)!
𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
AISC Table 7-4 or 7-5  ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
∅𝑣 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑛[(∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 )(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑙 )] n = # of bolts in shear
Block Shear:
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 [AISC EQ J4-5]
𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1 when tension stress is uniform, 0.85 otherwise
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑔𝑣 − 𝐴ℎ𝑣
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑅𝑛
P
Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J A D e

S B E
Bracket Connection w/ Eccentric Shear (no Tension) S F Y
C
ICR Method Elastic Method

Bolted Connections – Considerations X
• Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method
Calculate Design Loads Calculate Design Loads
• Elastic Method 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method Calculate Moment Created by Eccentricity

• ICR is more accurate but more difficult w/out AISC Tables Calculate Eccentricity 𝑒𝑥 𝑀𝑒 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑒 (e = perp. dist. Of CG to load)
• Combined shear forces from axial load and rotational moment Distance from center of
bolt group to load point.
are = to force produced by rotation alone about some point. This Calculate σ 𝑑 2 (Sum dist. of all bolts to CG of bolt group)
point is the IC of R, and its location depends on where and what σ 𝑑2 = σ 𝑋 2 + σ 𝑌2
direction the axial load is applied and bolts are arranged. AISC Table 7-6 to 7-13 Note: X & Y distances depend on CG.
• Resistance of each fastener acts in the direction perpendicular to Get “C” for bolt group based on “s”, “𝑒𝑥 ”,
a line from the center of the fastener to the instantaneous center. “load angle”, “n = # of bolts in a given row”. Calc. Hor. & Vert. shear on each bolt (from P components)
Interpolate if necessary 𝑃𝑢𝑦 𝑃
• Coefficients are in Table 7-7 to 7-14 𝑅𝑣𝑦 = 𝑛 kips/bolt 𝑅𝑣𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑥 kips/bolt (n=6 above)
𝑒𝑥 is horizontal distance from Bolt CG!!!
Diagonal Loads need to be projected to where
they intersect the horizontal line. Calculate Hor. & Vert. shear on each bolt (from 𝑀𝑒𝑥 )
Elastic Method 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑥
𝑅𝑥 = σ 𝑑2 kips/bolt 𝑅𝑦 = σ 𝑑2
• Sometimes called Vector Analysis Method
AISC Table 7-1
• More conservative results (sometimes overly conservative)
Available Shear Str. of 1 bolt = ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 Governing Bolt w/ Max. Resultant Shear Force “R”
• It assumes Isolate bolt with max. shear value “R”
• Equal share of vertical component for each bolt 2
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑅𝑣𝑦
• Equal share of horizontal component for each bolt Verify 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
• Proportional share of eccentric moment portion of load 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 given in AISC Table 7-6 to 7-13.
𝑃
(depends of bolt distance from centroid of bolt group). 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∅ 𝑢𝑟  𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ "𝐶“ from table = good Shear Check
𝑣 𝑛
R ≤ ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 from AISC Table 7-1  Good.
Combined Shear & Tension in Bearing Connections: Bracket Case I Method of Design
Combined Shear & Tension AISC Ch 7

Case I (N.A. not @ C.G) or II (N.A. @ C.G.)
• AISC Sec. J3.7 – Combined V&T in Bearing Connections
• AISC Sec. J3.9 – Combined V&T in Slip Crit. Connections
AISC Ch. 7 Case I
When the required stress in either shear or tension is less the or Available Tensile Strength (Revisited for
equal to 30% of the available stress, the effects of combined Shear force Per Bolt: Combined V&T):
𝑃
stress need not be investigated. 𝑟𝑢𝑣 = 𝑛𝑢 ′
𝐹𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑛𝑡 = 1.3𝐹𝑛𝑡 − 𝑓 ≤ 𝐹𝑛𝑡
∅𝐹𝑛𝑣 𝑟𝑣
Tension per Bolt:
Available tensile strength of bolts w/ tension & shear (𝑅𝑛 ) 1) Estimate NA @ 𝑑𝑐 = depth/6
′
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑏 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑅𝑛 for LRFD 2) Establish horizontal size of compression block New Design Tension Strength:
′ 𝐹 ′
Where: 𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑡
= 1.3𝐹𝑛𝑡 − ∅𝐹 𝑓𝑟𝑣 ≤ 𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 8𝑡𝑓 ≤ 𝑏𝑓 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑏
𝑛𝑣
𝐹𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐽3.2 3) Verify by taking moment about proposed NA
𝑑
𝐹𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐽3.2 σ 𝐴𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑐 𝑐 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑁𝐴 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑏 < ∅𝑅𝑛  Good
2
𝑓𝑟𝑣 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 4) Establish 𝐼𝑥
𝐴𝑏 = nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part 2 𝑏 𝑑 3
𝑐
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐴𝑏 σ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒𝑓𝑓3 Where: 𝑑𝑦 = bolt distance to NA
5) Tensile force in farthest bolt
𝑃 𝑒𝑐
𝑟𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝐼 𝐴𝑏
𝑥
Shear & Tensile Stress in Bolts at 30% Threshold?:

𝑟 𝑟
𝑓𝑟𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑏
Is 𝑓𝑟𝑣 ≥ 0.3 ∅𝐹𝑛𝑣 ? ∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
Is 𝑓𝑡 ≥ 0.3 ∅𝐹𝑛𝑡 ?
If either exceed 30%  Consider combined V&T.
If not  Done.
P
Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J e
1
CGT
Combined Shear & Tension in Bearing Connections: Bracket Case II Method of Design
S
Combined Shear & Tension AISC Ch 7 9 10
Case I (N.A. not @ C.G) or II (N.A. @ C.G.)
• AISC Sec. J3.9 – Combined V&T in Slip Crit. Connections
AISC Ch. 7 Case II
When the required stress in either shear or tension is less the or Available Tensile Strength (Revisited for
equal to 30% of the available stress, the effects of combined Shear force Per Bolt: Combined V&T):
𝑃
stress need not be investigated. 𝑟𝑢𝑣 = 𝑛𝑢 ′
𝐹𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑛𝑡 = 1.3𝐹𝑛𝑡 − 𝑓 ≤ 𝐹𝑛𝑡
∅𝐹𝑛𝑣 𝑟𝑣
Available tensile strength of bolts w/ tension & shear (𝑅𝑛 ) Moment Effect per Bolt:
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑡′
𝐴𝑏 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑅𝑛 for LRFD 1) 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 𝑒
New Design Tension Strength:
′ 𝐹 2) There is no compression block. Bolt get “compressive ′
Where: 𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑡
= 1.3𝐹𝑛𝑡 − ∅𝐹 𝑓𝑟𝑣 ≤ 𝐹𝑛𝑡 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑏
𝑛𝑣 load”. Not exceeding clamping force.
𝐹𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐽3.2 3) Establish 𝐼𝑥
𝐹𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐽3.2 2
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐴𝑏 σ 𝑑𝑦 Where: 𝑑𝑦 = bolt distance to NA 𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑏 < ∅𝑅𝑛  Good
𝑓𝑟𝑣 = 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷
4) Tensile force in worst case bolts
𝐴𝑏 = nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part 𝑃 𝑒𝑐
𝑟𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢𝐼 𝐴𝑏
𝑥
Shear & Tensile Stress in Bolts at 30% Threshold?:

𝑟 𝑟
𝑓𝑟𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑏 𝐴𝑏
Is 𝑓𝑟𝑣 ≥ 0.3 ∅𝐹𝑛𝑣 ? ∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
Is 𝑓𝑡 ≥ 0.3 ∅𝐹𝑛𝑡 ?
If either exceed 30%  Consider combined V&T.
If not  Done.
Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J 𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑢
Part 1: Identify Design Loads
Slip Critical Connections
Identify Initial Parameters
𝜇, 𝐷𝑢 , ℎ𝑓 , 𝑇𝑏 , 𝑛𝑠 , ∅ If there is a shear load on the plates, a
Combined Shear & Tension
𝑹𝒆
• AISC Sec. J3.8 – High Str. Bolts in Slip Crit. Connectoins moment 𝑴 = 𝟐 must be considered. See
Nominal/Available Slip Resistance of
• AISC Sec. J3.9 – Combined V&T in Slip Crit. Connections Connection (𝑅𝑛 ) PER BOLT! Design Example II.A-20
• AISC Sec. J3.10 𝑃
∅𝑅𝑛 = ∅𝜇𝐷𝑢 ℎ𝑓 𝑇𝑏 𝑛𝑠  #𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 = ∅𝑅𝑢
• See Design Example II.A-20 for Moment Resolution for 𝑛
Failure Mode LRFD (Kips)
Shear Connections Part 2: Check Remaining Parameters Gross Section Yield #
Nominal/Available Slip Resistance of Connection (𝑅𝑛 ) PER BOLT! Net Section Rupture #
Gross Section Yield Check each piece!
𝑅𝑛 = 𝜇𝐷𝑢 ℎ𝑓 𝑇𝑏 𝑛𝑠 Bolts in Shear #
∅𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = ∅𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝐹𝑦 ∅𝑡 =0.9
Where: Bolt Bearing Capacity #
• 𝐷𝑢 =1.13, a multiplier of bolt pretension to spec min pretension. Lower Net Section Rupture Check each piece! Block Shear Rupture #
values approved by EOR. ∅𝑡 𝑇𝑛 = ∅𝑡 𝐴𝑒 𝐹𝑢 ∅𝑡 =0.75
• ℎ𝑓 = factor for fillers Be sure to consider shear lag. 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛
• No fillers or bolts added to distribute loads in filler: ℎ𝑓 = 1.0 In the case of this plate, U=1.0 for full contact. However, use Lowest Value GOVERNS
U=0.85 because J4.1 specs it for splice plates!!!!
• Bolts NOT added to distribute loads in filler:
• One filler btw connected parts: ℎ𝑓 = 1.0
Check Bolts in Shear
• Two or more fillers btw connected parts: ℎ𝑓 =0.85 AISC Table 7-1  ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 in kips/bolt
• 𝑇𝑏 = minimum fastener tension in Table J3.1 kips ∅𝑣 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑛∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 n = # of bolts in shear
• 𝑛𝑠 = number of slip planes
• 𝜇 = mean slip coefficient 0.3 for Class A faying surface. 0.5 for Class B Bolt Bearing Capacity Block Shear: [AISC EQ J4-5]
The Reduction Factor Depends on the Holes Shortcut Used Here: See 1st Bolting Slide for Methods 𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡
• For Standard & short-slotted holes perpendicular to load direction Use long way if shortcut won’t work based on spacing 𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1 when tension stress is uniform, 0.85 otherwise
• ∅ = 1.00 𝑅𝑛 Check each piece (although it may be obvious that one 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴𝑔𝑣 − 𝐴ℎ𝑣
• For Oversized & short-slotted holes parallel to load direction governs based on thickness)! 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
• ∅ = 0.85 𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑅𝑛
AISC Table 7-4 or 7-5  ∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 = 1 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
• For Long-Slotted Holes
• ∅ = 0.70 𝑅𝑛 ∅𝑣 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑛[(∅𝑣 𝑟𝑛 )(𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑙 )]
• Finger shims up to ¼" are allowed per AISC J3.2. n = # of bolts in shear
Combined Shear & Tension in Slip Critical Connections
Part 1: Identify Design Loads
Combined Shear & Tension
Identify Initial Parameters
• AISC Sec. J3.9 – Combined V&T in Slip Crit. Connections 𝜇, 𝐷𝑢 , ℎ𝑓 , 𝑇𝑏 , 𝑛𝑠 , ∅ & 𝑛𝑏
When a slip-critical connection is subject to tension that reduces the Convert 𝑃𝑢 Into Shear (𝑇𝑢 ) & Tension (𝑉𝑢 ) Vectors
net clamping force, the available slip resistance per bolt shall be
multiplied by the factor 𝑘𝑠𝑐 Available Tensile Bolt Strength (AISC J3.6)
𝑇𝑢 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ∅ = 0.75 (J3.6) 𝐹𝑛𝑡 (Table J3.2)
• 𝑘𝑠𝑐 = 1 − (LRFD)
𝐷𝑢 𝑇𝑏 𝑛𝑏 Just use AISC Table 7-2
• Where: 𝑇𝑢 = required tension force using LRFD Check: ∅𝑅𝑛 > # 𝑢
𝑇
𝑛𝑏 =number of bolts carrying the applied tension 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝑢 = 1.13
Available Slip Resistance Per Bolt (if 𝑇𝑢 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 0)
𝑇𝑏 = min. fastener tension AISC Table J3.1 ∅𝑅𝑛1𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝜇𝐷𝑢 ℎ𝑓 𝑇𝑏 𝑛𝑠 (see previous slide)
The Reduction Factor Depends on the Holes Available Slip Resistance of the Connection
• For Standard & short-slotted holes perpendicular to load direction • Include Reduction Factor 𝑘𝑠𝑐 w/ 𝑃𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑢
• ∅ = 1.00 𝑅𝑛 𝑇𝑢
• 𝑘𝑠𝑐 = 1 −
• For Oversized & short-slotted holes parallel to load direction 𝐷𝑢 𝑇𝑏 𝑛𝑏
• ∅ = 0.85 𝑅𝑛
• For Long-Slotted Holes • ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (∅𝑅𝑛1𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 )(𝑘𝑠𝑐 )(𝑛𝑏 )
• ∅ = 0.70 𝑅𝑛
• Finger shims up to ¼" are allowed per AISC J3.2.
Check: (∅𝑅𝑛1𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 ) 𝑘𝑠𝑐 𝑛𝑏 > 𝑉𝑢
CHECK ALL ADDITIONAL LIMIT STATES

FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE!!!!
COVER PLATES FOR FLEXURE
Bolt: Textbook Ex. 12-3 Weld: Design Handout
Cover Plate Specification AISC F13.3
• Often included to resist bending deflection
• AISC F13.3 recommends using SC high-strength bolts or fillet welds to attach Cover Plate. Bolted Workflow: Welded Workflow
• The attachment shall be strong enough to allow the cover plate to fully develop bending Known 𝑉𝑢 & 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒
stresses. Commonly  𝑴𝒑(𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕) = 𝑭𝒚 𝒁𝒙
Check AISC Spec. F13.3 Depending on the question:
• The cover plate must extend beyond the theoretical cutoff point (according to moment 𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑝 EASY ANALYSIS PROBLEM
≤ 0.7?
diagram) by a distance a’ (when welding) or rule of thumb is “d” past critical zone. 𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝 + 𝐴𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 Either calculate the required strength
• a’ must develop required strength by the critical section. by
3 Compute Shear Force 𝑽 𝑸
• When there is a continuous weld with fillet size ≥ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 across plate 𝒇𝒃(𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏) = 𝒖 𝒌𝒊𝒑ൗ𝒊𝒏
4 𝑽𝒖 𝑸 𝒌𝒊𝒑 𝑰
𝒇𝒃(𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏) = ൗ𝒊𝒏
ends  𝑎′ 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = plate width (w) 𝑰 with weld strength = 1.392 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠ൗ𝑖𝑛ൗ
16𝑡ℎ
3 Parallel Axis Thm 𝑰𝒙 = 𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 + ෍ 𝐼𝑝𝑙 + 𝐴𝑝𝑙 𝐷𝑝𝑙 2
′
• A continuous weld smaller than (𝑤) across end 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 =1.5(w) 𝐼𝑥 Includes both plates!
4 OR
• When there is no weld across plate ends a’=2(w) 𝑄= 𝐴𝑝𝑙 𝑥 𝐷𝑝𝑙 ONLY 1 plate! DIFFICULT DESIGN PROBLEM
• Connections between beam flanges and cover plates need to handle longitudinal shear load. Stipulations for a’ and the need to
𝑉 𝑄 Bolt Strength ∅ = 0.75
• Unit long. shear stress btw cover plate and flange  𝑓𝑏 = 𝑢 𝑘𝑖𝑝ൗ𝑖𝑛2 fully develop the plastic moment of
𝐼𝑏 Bearing the added plates will require different
𝑉𝑢 𝑄 𝑘𝑖𝑝
• Total shear force across flange for 1-inch of beam length  𝑓𝑏(𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛) = ൗ𝑖𝑛 ∅𝑹𝒏 = ∅ 𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ቊ
1.2𝑙𝑐 𝑡𝐹𝑢
2.4𝑑𝑏 𝑡𝐹𝑢
#𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 weld strengths.
𝐼
𝐴𝑐𝑝 (See bearing slide. Eqn may vary w/ hole type) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑁𝐴
• Bolted cover plate not to exceed 70% of flange cross section area  ≤ 0.7 Shearing See Alexander Newman Design
𝐴𝑐𝑝 +𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ∅𝑹𝒏 = ∅ 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝐹𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 #𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 OR
∅𝑹𝒏 = 𝑇𝑏𝑙 7 − 1 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 #𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 Example
Lower of Bearing & Shear Governs!
• Bolt spacing not to exceed previously established limits (AISC Section E6.2)
𝐸(𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) Bolt Spacing
• Max Fastener Spacing  𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 0.75 ≤ 12𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 =
∅𝑹𝒏 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐹𝑦(𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) 𝒇𝒃(𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏) 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
ൗ𝑖𝑛
⇒ 𝑖𝑛
𝐸(𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒)
• Or if bolts are staggered  𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 1.12 ≤ 18𝑖𝑛 Checks
𝐹𝑦(𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) 1) Spacing ≤ AISC Section E6.2 Max?
2) 𝐿𝑐(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔) ≤ 𝐿𝑐(𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒) ? So it won’t affect bearing
Fillet Weld Size Number of
Welded Connection Design – AISC Spec J

(in) Rod Passes
3/16 1
1/4 1
General Welding Information 5/16 1
3/8 3
7/16 4
Welding Information 1/2 4
• AISC Spec. J1 – General provisions for connection design 5/8 6
• AISC Spec. J2 – Welds 3/4 8
a a
• AISC Spec. K – HSS & Box Member Connections
• AISC Part 8 – Design Considerations for Welds a b Table J2.4
• AISC Part 10 – Design of Simple Shear Connections Material Thickness of Thinner
• AISC Part 11 – Design of Partially Restrained Moment Connections Equal leg fillet welds: 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 0.707𝑎 Part (in)
Minimum Size (in)
𝑎𝑏 X ≤ 1/4 1/8
• AISC Part 12 – Design of Fully Restrained Moment Connections Unequal leg fillet welds: 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 1/4 < X ≤ 1/2 3/16
• AWS D1.1 – Structural Welding Code Steel 1/2 < X ≤ 3/4 1/4
3/4 < X 5/16
Tables Strength of PJP welds  𝑡𝑒 𝐿 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

• AISC Table J2.1 – Effective Throat of PJP Groove Welds ∅ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐽2.5.
• AISC Table J2.2 – Effective Throat of Flare Groove Welds 𝑡𝑒 can be determined from Tables 8-2.
• AISC Table J2.3 – Min. Effective Throat of PJP Groove Welds
• AISC Table J2.4 – Min. Size of Fillet Welds
• AISC Table J2.5 – ∅ values and Available Strength of Welded Joints
• AISC Table 8-1 – Coefficient, C, for Conc. Loaded Weld Groups
• AISC Table 8-2 – Prequalified Welded Joints
• Root tolerances, backing, etc.. From AWS.
• AISC Table 8-3 – Electrode Strength Coefficient, 𝐶1
• AISC Table 8-4 to 8-11a – Coefficients, C, for Eccentric Loaded Weld Groups
General Welding Information
Size Requirements for Fillet Welds Weld Strength
• Effective Area = (effective length) x (effective throat) • Function of a) base metal, b) weld metal, c) welding process, & d) weld penetration
• Minimum Size of Fillet Welds • Nominal resistance of a weld 𝑅𝑛
• Table J2.4 – By material thickness of parts joined • For Base Metal 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛,𝐵𝑀 𝐴𝐵𝑀
• Maximum Size of Fillet Welds • For Weld Metal 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑤 𝐴𝑊𝑒
• For mtrl. < ¼” thick  Not greater than the mtrl. Thickness • For Tensile Members  𝑅𝑛𝑒 = 𝑈𝐹𝑛𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑒 Don’t forget shear lag.
• For mtrl ≥ ¼” thick  Not greater than the mtrl thickness – 1/16” • Fillet Weld Strength
• Effective Length of fillet weld must be at least 4x nominal size. • 𝐹𝑤 = 0.60𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋
1 𝑘
• (e.g. ¼” fillet weld must be 1” long) **or min of 1-1/2” for • 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑛𝑤 𝐿 = 0.707 𝑤 0.60𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 𝐿 = 0.707 𝑖𝑛 0.6 70 1𝑖𝑛
16 𝑖𝑛
intermittent welds, whichever is greater** • Per inch of fillet weld  1.86 k/in/16th
• Minimum Thickness of Connected Elements 1.86
𝑘
1.392
𝑘
0.928
𝑘
𝑉𝑛 1.86
• Base member in tension • ∅𝑉𝑛 = 0.75 𝑖𝑛
= 𝑖𝑛
ASD = = 𝑖𝑛
0.6𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 0.707(𝑤) 16𝑡ℎ 16𝑡ℎ Ω 2 16𝑡ℎ

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐹𝑢(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
• When the length (L) is over 100 times the leg size (w), multiply (L) by β
• β= 1.2 − 0.002 𝐿Τ𝑤 ≤ 1.0
• Base member in shear
0.6𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 0.707(𝑤) 𝐹 0.707(𝑤) • If weld length is over 300w, use 180w.
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 =  𝐸𝑋𝑋 • Necessary Tables
0.6𝐹𝑢(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝐹𝑢(𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
• Intermittent Fillet Welds • Table J2.1 – Effective throat of PJP welds
• Minimum length is larger of 4x nominal size or 1-1/2” • Table J2.2 – Effective Weld Sizes of Flare Groove Welds (common w/ HSS)
• Built-up tension members  max spacing is 300x𝑟𝑠 • Table J2.3 – Minimum Eff. Throat Thickness of PJP groove welds
• Where 𝑟𝑠 =radius of gyration of smaller member being • Table J2.5 – Available Strength of Welded Joints (Very Important!!)
welded AISC D4 • Limitations
• Built-up compression members  max spacing is • Longitudinal fillet weld lengths may not be less than the distance between
• To connect two rolled shapes = 24 in them because of Shear Lag (Case 4 Table D3.1).
• See AISC Spec E6.2 • In Lap Joints, minimum amount of lap permitted is 5x thickness of thinner
part, but not less than 1 inch.
Loaded Fillet Welds
A) & C)
∅
Transverse/Angled Loading of Fillet Welds
• J2.4 allows transverse loading allows an increase of strength
• A) For a linear weld group w/ uniform leg size, loaded through
center of gravity,
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑤 𝐴𝑤𝑒 w/ ∅ = 0.75
𝐹𝑛𝑤 = 0.60𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 1.0 + 0.50𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 𝜃
𝜃 measured off longitudinal axis.
• B) For weld elements analyzed w/ ICR, 𝑅𝑛𝑥 , 𝑅𝑛𝑦 , & 𝑀𝑛 are
permitted to be determined as given on AISC pg 16.1-116
• C) Fillet weld groups concentrically loaded w/ longitudinal and

transverse elements. 𝑅𝑛 = greater of: w/ ∅ = 0.75
1. 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑙 + 𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡
Or
2. 𝑅𝑛 = 0.85𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑙 + 1.5𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡
Note: Don’t use 𝐹𝑛𝑤 = 0.60𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 1.0 + 0.50𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 𝜃 for
these cases b/c transverse & longitudinal fillet welds have
different deformation properties and limits. Use
𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑙 &𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡 = 𝐹𝑤 𝐴𝑤
𝐹𝑤  commonly 0.60𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 & 𝐴𝑤  0.707 𝑤 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Loaded Angle/Truss Member
Welded Connection Design – AISC Spec J 𝐿1
A
𝐿1 Plate-to-Plate 𝑦ത
A 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐿2
Angle to Plate Welded Connections
𝐿1 • Prescribing welds balanced about the neutral axis
U to Lengthen Welds @ end (preferred b/c accurate U factor) • Weld group centroid coincides w/ centroid of tensile load.
Method 1: Shear Lag Up Front Method 2: Shear Lag to Lengthen Welds

𝑅𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 w/∅ = 0.9
at the end (preferred b/c accurate U factor)
Nominal Tensile Capacity of member with lower 𝐴𝑔
Select Fillet Weld Size & total length 𝐿𝑤 𝑅𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 w/∅ = 0.9
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 w/∅ = 0.75 & 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑈𝐴𝑛 𝑅𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 w/∅ = 0.9
assuming U=1.0 𝐿𝑤 = 2 𝐿1
Consider shear lag from Table 4.1 case 2 or 4. Some
apply U=0.87 up front (case 4)
Shear Lag Factor from Case 4 Select Fillet Weld Size & total length 𝐿𝑤
𝐿1,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 Select Fillet Weld Size & total length 𝐿𝑤 assuming U=1.0
𝐿1,𝑟𝑒𝑞 =
𝑈 Take Moment about “Point A“
Take Moment about “Point A“
𝑅𝑢 𝑦ത − 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃2 = 0 𝑅𝑢 𝑦ത − 𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑃2 = 0
𝑃2 𝑃2
𝐿2,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝐿2,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 =
𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
𝐿1,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝐿𝑤 − 𝐿2,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐿1,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝐿𝑤 − 𝐿2,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐
Block Shear: Shear Lag Factor Higher of Case 2 or 4

𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 [AISC J4-5] (Case 2 & 4 evaluated w/ longer weld)
𝑈𝑏𝑠 = 1 when tension stress is uniform, 0.85 otherwise 𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐿𝑤 𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐿1,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 1,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐿2,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 2,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐
𝑈 𝑈
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑔 )(𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 )
∅𝑹𝒏 = 0.75𝑹𝒏 ≥ 𝑹𝒖 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄′ 𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups
Elastic Method
• Very Conservative
Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups • More simplistic method when deign aids are unavailable
• Two commonly used methods • Statics-based
• Elastic Method • Pieces welded together are assumed to be completely rigid
• Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method • All deformation is in the weld
• Based on a summation of forces in 3-D space from 𝑃𝑥𝑦𝑧 & 𝑀𝑥𝑦𝑧
• There are two ways to approach this method
• 1) Express/simplified methods - for weld group shapes where location of max stress is known.
• 2) General method – intensive hand calc, but applicable to all planar weld groups
ICR Method Ultimate Strength Method

• More accurate
• AISC Table 8-3 to 8-11 can be used to aid the design
• Nominal strength of weld group  𝑅𝑛,𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = 𝐶𝐶1 𝐷𝐿𝑖𝑛 w/ ∅ = 0.75
• 𝐶 = coefficient from AISC Table 8-#
• 𝐶1 = electrode coefficient from AISC Table 8-3 (𝐶1 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 )
• D = number of 1/16ths of an inch of fillet weld size
• 𝐿𝑖𝑛 = characteristic length of weld group in inches
• Available strength must be greater than required strength
• 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑅𝑛  𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝐶𝐶1 𝐷𝐿𝑖𝑛
• Minimum required values for C, D, & L are given in the Tables 8-#
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
• 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢 𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢
∅𝐶1 𝐷𝐿 ∅𝐶1 𝐶𝐿 ∅𝐶1 𝐶𝐷
Welded Bracket w/ Eccentric Shear Express/Simplified Elastic Method Workflow (Max stress assumed @ point i): Size of required fillet weld
• Variables for Elastic Method
Total weld length: 𝐿𝑤𝑡
Centroid Location (xL): use AISC Table 8-# for this if needed
MOI about X&Y-axis& Polar w/ unit weld lengths:
𝑏ℎ3 𝐿3 𝐿 2
𝐼𝑥 = σ + 𝐴𝑑 2  + 2 𝐾𝐿
12 12 2
y-axis 𝑒𝑥 =aL 𝑏ℎ3 3 2
𝑃𝑢 𝐼𝑦 = σ 2
+ 𝐴𝑑 2
𝐾𝐿
+ 2 𝐾𝐿
𝐾𝐿
− 𝑥𝐿 + 𝐿 𝑥𝐿 2
𝑒′ 12 12 2
d J = 𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
i
• Forces @ points a & b
a 𝑃𝑢 𝑒𝑥
𝐿
𝑇𝑣 𝑇ℎ 𝑃𝑢 𝑒𝑥 𝐾𝐿 − 𝑥𝐿 𝑃𝑢
𝑓ℎ =  2
𝑓𝑣 =  𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓ℎ2 + 𝑓𝑣2 + 𝑓𝑠2
𝐽 𝐽 𝐽 𝐽 𝐿𝑤𝑡
L CG X-axis 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑟 ( )
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Required weld size = 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = ______ sixteenths of fillet weld. Check vs AISC Table J2-4
b 1.392 𝑖𝑛 /𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ
c xL
kL
ICR Method Workflow: Use AISC Tables 8-5 to 8-11 depending on the shape of the weld group
A) Givens: L, 𝑒 ′ , kL  Determine required fillet weld size
𝑘𝐿 𝑒
Infer: 𝑘 =  Table 8-# for “X” coefficient  “xL” to get 𝑒𝑥  𝑒𝑥 to get a = 𝑥  C from table
𝐿 𝐿
𝑃𝑢
Solution: 𝐷min 1/16𝑡ℎ𝑠 = compare w/ AISC Table J2.4 mtrl thickness req.
∅𝐶1 𝐶𝐿
B) Givens: 𝑒𝑥 , 𝐿  Determine kL & required fillet weld size (D # of sixteenths)

𝑃
Infer: Select initial D from steel thicknesses 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢  k from Table 8-#  kL for that “D”
∅𝐶1 𝐷𝐿
𝑃𝑢
Solution: 𝐷min 1/16𝑡ℎ𝑠 = com
∅𝐶1 𝐶𝐿
Welded Group Eccentrically Loaded Normal to Faying Surface
𝑃𝑢 Express/Simplified Elastic Method Workflow (Max stress assumed @ point i): Size of required fillet weld
𝑒𝑥 =aL • Variables for Elastic Method
Total weld length: 𝐿𝑤𝑡 (𝐿𝑤𝑡 = 2𝐿 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒)
i MOI about X-axis w/ unit weld lengths:
𝑌𝑖
𝑏ℎ3 𝐿3
L CG 𝐼𝑥 = σ 2
12 12
• Forces @ point I
𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑢 𝑒 𝑌𝑖 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑣 = 𝑓ℎ = 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓ℎ2 + 𝑓𝑣2
𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝐼𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
kL 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑟 ( )
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Required weld size = 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 = _____ sixteenths of fillet weld. Check vs AISC Table J2-4
1.392 𝑖𝑛 /𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ
ICR Method Workflow:

A) Givens: 𝑒𝑥 , 𝐿  Determine required fillet weld size (D # of sixteenths)
𝑒
Infer: Assumption that K=0 (not ideal) , a= 𝑥
𝐿
𝑃𝑢
Solution: 𝐷1/16𝑡ℎ𝑠 = = ________ sixteenths of fillet weld. Check vs AISC Table J2-4
∅𝐶1 𝐶𝐿
General Elastic Method for Any Weld Group w/ Same Size Welds
𝑃𝑦
General Elastic Method (as adopted from Alex Tomanovich) 𝑃𝑥
1) Identify Weld Group Main Parameters
𝑋𝑇1 𝑋𝑇2
• 𝐿𝑤𝑡 = total length of weld group
• Centroid of Weld Group
σ𝑋
• 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑐 when 𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑑,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑣 𝐿𝑤,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑣
𝐿𝑤𝑡
σ 𝑌𝑐 𝑌𝑇1
• 𝑌𝑐 = when 𝑌𝑐 = 𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑑,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑣 𝐿𝑤,𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑣
𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝑌𝑐
• Calculate 𝐼𝑥 , 𝐼𝑦 , J
2 𝐿1 𝑌𝑇 1 2 2
• 𝐼𝑥 = (σ 𝐼𝑥0 ) − 𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝑌𝑐  𝐼𝑥𝑜1 = + 𝐿1 𝑌𝑚𝑖𝑑,1 continue for each weld
2
12
𝐿1 𝑋𝑇 1 2 2 𝑋𝑐
• 𝐼𝑦 = (σ 𝐼𝑦0 ) − 𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝑋𝑐 𝐼𝑦𝑜1 = + 𝐿1 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑑,1 continue for each weld
12
• J = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
2a) Moment Summations about CG (for each point loaded) 2b) Loads Transformed for Effects @ CG of Weld Group
• USE RIGHT HAND RULE CENTERED ON THE 𝑪𝑮𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒅 !!!! Notation 𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑦 indicates moment about x-axis caused by 𝑃𝑦 .
𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑍𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑦 • σ 𝑃𝑥 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑥
𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑌𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑌𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑧 • σ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑦
𝑀𝑦𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑍𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑍𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑥 • σ 𝑃𝑧 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑧
𝑀𝑦𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑧 = 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑋𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑧 • σ 𝑀𝑥 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑀𝑥 + 𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑀𝑥𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑧
𝑀𝑧𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑌𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑌𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑥 • σ 𝑀𝑦 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑀𝑦 + 𝑀𝑦𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑀𝑦𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑍
𝑀𝑧𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑋𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑋𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑃𝑦 • σ 𝑀𝑧 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑𝑀𝑧 + 𝑀𝑧𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑥 + 𝑀𝑧𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃𝑦
Elastic Method General Algorithm
General Elastic Method (as adopted from Alex Tomanovich)
3) Weld Forces @ Individual Points (Weld Ends): The forces are dependent on Cx & Cy, as measured from 𝐶𝐺𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑏
BE AWARE OF THE MOMENT ORIENTATION AND RIGHT HAND RULE!!!
• 𝑓𝑧 =
σ 𝑃𝑧
+
(σ 𝑀𝑥 ) (𝐶𝑦1𝑏 )
+
(σ 𝑀𝑦 ) (𝐶𝑥1𝑏 )
𝐶𝑦1𝑏
𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
σ 𝑃𝑦 (σ 𝑀𝑧 ) (𝐶𝑥1𝑏 )
• 𝑓𝑣𝑦 = +
𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝐽
σ 𝑃𝑥 (σ 𝑀𝑧 ) (𝐶𝑦1𝑏 )
• 𝑓𝑣𝑥 = + (e.g. positive moment about Z will produce force in negative X if 𝐶𝑦1𝑏 is positive) 𝐶𝑥1𝑏
𝐿𝑤𝑡 𝐽 𝑎
2 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
• 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓𝑧 2 + 𝑓𝑣𝑦 + 𝑓𝑣𝑥 2  Usually
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛
4) Weld Requirements and Base Metal Check

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• Fillet weld size required (in 16ths of an inch) = = for LRFD.
0.75∗𝑤∗ 0.6𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 ∗(𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ) 1.392 𝑘ൗ𝑖𝑛
ൗ16𝑡ℎ
• If using ASD, substitute 0.928𝑘ൗ𝑖𝑛ൗ for 1.392 𝑘ൗ𝑖𝑛ൗ

16𝑡ℎ 16𝑡ℎ
• Base Metal Shear Allowable
𝐾𝑖𝑝𝑠
• LRFD: ∅𝑅𝑛 = (1.00)(0.6)(𝐹𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ) 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠  ______ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒ൗ𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ usually
𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
• Refer to AISC Spec. J4
• 𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑤/ ∅ = 1.00 𝑜𝑟 Ω = 1.5 (𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0.4𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑆𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚)
Welded Connection Design – AISC Spec K
HSS connections Method For Using Tables in AISC Spec. K
Welding Information To Determine Weld Sizes and Whether the
• AISC Spec. K1 – Concentrated Forces on HSS HSS Must Be Reinforced
• AISC Spec. K2 – HSS to HSS Truss Connections
• AISC Spec. K3 – HSS to HSS Moment Connections Check the Limits of Applicability in Table K#.#A
• AISC Spec. K4 – Welds of Plates & Branches to Rectangular HSS
Compute Nominal Strength and Design
Tables Strength for given Connection type.
• AISC Table K1.1 – Available Strength of Plate-to-Round HSS Connections • Lowest Limit State Governs
• AISC Table K1.2 – Available Strength of Plate-to-Rectangle HSS Connections
• AISC Table K2.1 – Available Strengths of Round HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections
• AISC Table K2.2 – Available Strengths of Rectangular HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections
Select welds based on the allowable
• AISC Table K3.1 – Available Strengths of Round HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections load in previous step.
• AISC Table K3.2 – Available Strengths of Rectangular HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections
• AISC Table K3.3 – Effective Weld Properties for Connections to Rectangular HSS Sometimes CJPs are needed if the plate
is small.
Note: Each table is followed by the applicable limit states. If all criterion can’t be met,
you can’t use that particular table.
Plate Girder Design – AISC Spec F & G
AISC Specs Plate Girder Proportioning Limits (AISC Spec F13)
• AISC Spec F for Flexural Design • Holes in tension flange  See F13.1 to check tensile rupture limit state
• AISC Spec G for Shear Design • If 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑓𝑛 ≥ 𝑌𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑓𝑔  tensile rupture doesn’t apply
Where 𝑌𝑡 = hole reduction coefficient = 1.0 for 𝐹𝑦 Τ𝐹𝑢 ≤ 0.8, 1.1 otherwise
• If 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑓𝑛 < 𝑌𝑡 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑓𝑔  nominal flexural strength at holes is less than:
General Information 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑓𝑛
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑆𝑥
• Regular Plate Girder: All steel has the same yield strength. 𝐴𝑓𝑔
• Hybrid Girder: Flanges have a higher yield strength than web. • Proportion Limits for I-Shaped Members
• May be stiffened or unstiffened • For Singly Symmetrical I-Shaped Members
𝐼𝑦𝑐
• Stiffened Girders may be designed for Tension Field Action 0.1 ≤ ≤ 0.9 where 𝐼𝑦𝑐 = moment of inertia of the Y-axis for comp flange.
𝐼𝑦
ℎ 𝐸
• I-Shaped Members w/ slender webs > 5.7 (AISC Table B4.1b Case 15) must be
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
designed according to AISC Spec F5 & satisfy these additional limits:
ℎ
• Web thickness upper limit (when using slender web)  𝑡𝑤 < 𝐸
5.7
𝐹𝑦
Unstiffened Plate Girder
ℎ 𝐴𝑤𝑒𝑏
• For UNSTIFFENED girders  ≤ 260 & ≤ 10
𝑡𝑤 𝐴𝑓𝑐
Interior Panels, Tension-Field Action Permitted 𝑎 ℎ 𝐸
• For STIFFENED girders when ≤ 1.5  = 12
𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡. Transverse Stiffeners ℎ 𝑡𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑦
𝑎 ℎ 0.4𝐸
> 1.5  =
ℎ 𝑡𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑦
h btw flanges
End Panels, Tension-Field Action NOT Permitted
Stiffened Plate Girder

Plate Girder Flexural Design Strength
• Consider 4 limit states (AISC F5)
Unstiffened Plate Girder 1) Compression flange yielding
𝑎𝑤 ℎ𝑐 𝐸
Interior Panels, Tension-Field Action Permitted 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝𝑔 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑐 𝑅𝑝𝑔 = 1 − − 5.7 ≤ 1.0
1200−300𝑎𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡. Transverse Stiffeners ℎ𝑐 𝑡𝑤
𝑎𝑤 = ≤ 10.0
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑓𝑐
h btw flanges
2) Lateral-torsional buckling
𝐸 𝐸
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 depends on 𝐿𝑏 , 𝐿𝑝 = 1.1𝑟𝑡 , & 𝐿𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟𝑡
𝐹𝑦 0.7𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑓𝑐
where 𝑟𝑡 = ℎ𝑜 =distance btw flange centroids
ℎ𝑜 𝑎 ℎ2
12 + 𝑤
𝑑 6 ℎ𝑜 𝑑
Compact, Noncompact, Slender? Table B4.1b Case 11

example.
Be careful with “b” dimension and “t”

For I shaped members use half of “b” for flange width 3) Compression flange local buckling
𝐼𝑥
𝑏𝑓 𝑆𝑥𝑡 = • 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑅𝑝𝑔 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝑏
(or for I shaped). 𝑐𝑡𝑓
𝑡 2𝑡𝑓 4
𝐾𝑐 = 0.35 ≤ ≤ 0.76
ℎ
λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑝𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝐼𝑥 𝑡𝑤
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ < λ𝑝𝑓 𝑆𝑥𝑐 =
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡: λ𝑝𝑓 < λ < λ𝑟𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑓 4) Tension flange yielding
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟: λ𝑟𝑓 < λ • 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑡 Only applies when 𝑆𝑥𝑡 < 𝑆𝑥𝑐 When 𝑆𝑥𝑡 ≥ 𝑆𝑥𝑐 TFY doesn’t apply
Plate Girder Shear Strength  AISC G2 or G3 Depending on TFA Inclusion
• Tension Field Action Prohibited ∅ = 0.9
Unstiffened Plate Girder • 𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣 AISC Eq G2-1
𝑘𝑣 𝐸
Interior Panels, Tension-Field Action Permitted 𝐶𝑣 when: ℎ
ൗ𝑡𝑤 ≤ 1.10 ൗ𝐹𝑦  𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡. Transverse Stiffeners
𝑘𝑣 𝐸
1.10 ൗ𝐹𝑦
𝑘𝑣 𝐸 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
1.10 ൗ𝐹𝑦 ≤ ℎൗ𝑡𝑤 ≤ 1.37 ൗ𝐹𝑦  𝐶𝑣 = ℎൗ
h
btw flanges
𝑡𝑤
𝑘𝑣 𝐸 1.51𝑘𝑣 𝐸
ℎ
ൗ𝑡𝑤 ≤ 1.37 ൗ𝐹𝑦  𝐶𝑣 = ℎ 2
𝐹𝑦
End Panels, Tension-Field Action NOT Permitted 𝑡𝑤
Stiffened Plate Girder 𝑘𝑣  𝑘𝑣 = 5.0 for unstiffened webs with ℎൗ𝑡𝑤 < 260
stiffened webs with a/h > 3.0 or a/h > (260/(h/𝑡𝑤 ))2
Tension Field Action (AISC Sect. G3)
1.2 for stem of tee shapes.
• TFA Permitted for flanged members when the web plate is 5
supported on all four sides by flanges or stiffeners. For webs with transeverse stiffensers 5 + 2
𝑎/ℎ
• Not permitted (meaning AISC Sec G2 Governs):
• In end panels of members with transverse stiffeners • Tension Field Action Permitted ∅ = 0.9 (𝑘𝑣 & 𝐶𝑣 calculated as above)
260 2
• When a/h exceeds 3.0 or ℎ When: ℎൗ𝑡𝑤 ≤ 1.10 𝑘𝑣 𝐸
ൗ𝐹𝑦  𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤
𝑡𝑤
2𝐴𝑤
• When > 2.5
𝐴𝑓𝑐 +𝐴𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑣 𝐸 1−𝐶𝑣
ℎ ℎ ℎ
ൗ𝑡𝑤 > 1.10 ൗ𝐹𝑦  𝑉𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣 +
• When 𝑜𝑟 > 6.0 2
𝑏𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑓𝑡 1.15 1+ 𝑎Τℎ
• Available shear strength is a function of a/h. Tables for ∅𝑉𝑛 /𝐴𝑤
• AISC Table 3-16a (𝐹𝑦 = 36𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑇𝐹𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑)
• AISC Table 3-16b (𝐹𝑦 = 36𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑇𝐹𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑)
• AISC Table 3-17a (𝐹𝑦 = 50𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑇𝐹𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑)
• AISC Table 3-17b (𝐹𝑦 = 50𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑇𝐹𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑)
Transverse Stiffeners w/out TFA (AISC G2-2)
3
• Minimum moment of inertia 𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ 𝑏𝑡𝑤 𝑗
2.5
Unstiffened Plate Girder
Where: b = smallest of a & h; 𝑗 = 𝑎 2 − 2 ≥ 0.5
Τℎ
Interior Panels, Tension-Field Action Permitted • Transverse stiffeners may be terminated short of the tension flange as long as BEARING is not
needed to transmit concentrated loads (see ORANGE section).
• Stiffener-to-web welds should be terminated between 4𝑡𝑤 & 6𝑡𝑤 from the near toe of the web to
flange weld. When single stiffeners are used, they shall be attached to the compression flange.
h
btw flanges
• Bolts connecting stiffeners shall be spaced no more than 12 in on center
• Intermittent field welds shall not be more than 16𝑡𝑤 clear distance and less than 10”
Transverse Stiffeners w/ TFA (AISC G2-3)
Transverse Stiffeners General AISC Sec G2-2 & 2-3 • These requirements are in addition to those required for Trans Stiff w/out TFA (above)
• NOT required when •
𝑏
≤ 0.56
𝐸
where:
𝑏
is the width-to-thickness ratio of the stiffener
• ℎൗ𝑡𝑤 < 260 𝑡 𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑡
𝐸 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑡 is the specified minimum yield stress of stiffener

• ℎ
ൗ𝑡𝑤 ≤ 2.46 𝐹𝑦
𝑉𝑟 −𝑉𝑐1
• Available design strength greater than shear load • 𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ 𝐼𝑠𝑡1 + 𝐼𝑠𝑡2 − 𝐼𝑠𝑡1 where: 𝑉𝑟 is the larger of 𝑉𝑢 in adjacent web panels.
𝑉𝑐2 −𝑉𝑐1
• ∅𝑉𝑛 > 𝑉𝑢 when 𝑘𝑣 = 5.0
𝑉𝑐1 = smaller available 𝑉𝑛 in adjacent web panels.
Calculated using AISC G2-1
𝑉𝑐2 = smaller available 𝑉𝑛 in adjacent web panels.
Calculated using AISC G3-2.
𝐼𝑠𝑡1 = min. moment of inertia AISC G2-2 (above eq.)
𝐼𝑠𝑡2 = min. moment of inertia of trans. Stiffener
required to develop full web shear buckling plus web
1.3 𝐹
ℎ4 𝜌𝑠𝑡 1.5
𝑦𝑤
tension field resistance:
40 𝐸
𝐹𝑦𝑤
Where: 𝜌𝑠𝑡 = larger of ൗ𝐹𝑦𝑠𝑡 and 1.0
Plate Girder Design – AISC Spec F & G Interior Panels, Tension-Field Action Permitted

General Design Flowchart Pt 1
hbtw flanges
Read your damn textbook and PE review book or maybe the

AASHTO comprehensive design example. It’s a bitch. End Panels, Tension-Field Action NOT Permitted
Composite Steel Members – AISC Spec I
Design of Composite Members The AISC Manual Includes the Following Composite Members:
• AISC Spec. I1 – General Provisions • Steel Axial Compression Members
• AISC Spec. I2 – Axial Force • Steel members fully encased in concrete
• AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure • HSS filled with concrete
• AISC Spec. I4 – Shear • Steel Flexural Members
• AISC Spec. I5 – Combined Axial & Flexure • Steel members fully encased in concrete
• AISC Spec. I6 – Load Transfer • HSS filled with concrete
• AISC Spec. I7 – Composite Diaphragms & Collector Beams • Steel beams anchored to concrete slabs so that they act together to resist bending
• AISC Spec. I8 – Steel Anchors • Concrete resists compression and steel resists tension
• AISC Spec. I9 – Special Cases
AISC Design Methods

• Two Main Design Methods
• Plastic Stress Distribution Method
• Steel components assumed to reach 𝐹𝑦𝑐 or 𝐹𝑦𝑡 while concrete components are assumed to reach a compressive stress of 0.85𝑓𝑐′
(0.95𝑓𝑐′ for HSS filled with concrete).
• Strain-Compatibility Method
• Based on linear distribution of strain in cross section.
• Max. concrete compressive strain = 0.003 in/in.
AISC Spec. I1 – General Provisions
• Concrete design shall comply with ACI 318 with the following limits/exceptions:
• ACI 318 Sections 7.8.2 and 10.13, and Ch. 21 shall be excluded.
• Concrete & Steel reinforcement shall be specified in Section I1.3
• Transverse Reinforcement limits shall be specified in Section I2.1a(2) in addition to those specified in ACI 318.
• Minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio for encased composite members shall be specified in I2.1a(3).
• Use LRFD
• Material Limitations
• Normal wt. concrete  3 ksi ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 10 ksi
• Lt. wt. concrete  3 ksi ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 6 ksi
• For column strength, maximum steel 𝐹𝑦 = 75 ksi
• Classification of Filled Sections for Local Buckling
• For compression, filled composite sections can be 1) compact, 2) noncompact, or 3) slender
• See Table I1.1a
• For flexure, filled composite sections can be 1) compact, 2) noncompact, or 3) slender
• See Table I1.1b
• See Tables B4.1a & B4.1b for definitions of width and depth (b and D) and thickness (t) for rectangle and round HSS
AISC Spec. I2 – Axial Force Encased Composite Members
• Encased Composite Members (Steel core surrounded by concrete)
• Limitations: 1) cross section area of steel core ≥ 1% total section
2) Shall be reinforced w/ continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties/spirals.
3)Spacing of trans. reinf. shall be smallest of: a) half smallest member dimension
b) 16xdiameter of longitudinal reinf.
c) 48xdiameter of lateral reinf.
4) AISC says lateral ties min. of #3 bar spaced at max 12” OC or #4 bar spaced max
16”OC. Max spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 0.5 x least column dimension.
𝐴
5) Min Reinf. Ratio 𝜌𝑠𝑟 = 𝑠𝑟 ≥ 0.004 where 𝐴𝑠𝑟 = area of continuous steel reinf
𝐴𝑔
• Compressive Strength ∅𝑐 = 0.75 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑛 depends on “elastic buckling load” 𝑃𝑒 = & “nominal compressive strength of column, disregarding
𝐾𝐿 2
adjustment due to length” 𝑃𝑛𝑜 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑟 + 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 .
𝐴𝑠 1.5 ′
𝐸𝐼 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 0.5𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐶1 = 0.1 + 2 ≤ 0.3 𝐸𝑐,𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 𝑤𝑐,𝑝𝑐𝑓 𝑓𝑐,𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
𝑃𝑛𝑜
When: 𝑃𝑛𝑜 Τ𝑃𝑒 ≤ 2.25  𝑃𝑛 = 0.658 𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛𝑜 Τ𝑃𝑒 ≥ 2.25  𝑃𝑛 = 0.877𝑃𝑒
• Tensile Strength ∅𝑐 = 0.90 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 (neglect the tension capacity of the concrete)

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑟
AISC Spec. I2 – Axial Force Filled Composite Members
• Filled Composite Members (Concrete surrounded by steel)
• Limitations: 1) Cross sectional area of steel section shall be at least 1% of total composite cross section
2) Classified for local buckling in accordance w/ section I1.4.
See Table I1.1A
• Compressive Strength: Available compressive strength of doubly symmetric filled composite members ∅𝑐 = 0.75 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛
1) section I2.1b w/ following mods.
2) Determine if section is compact, noncompact, or slender by Table I1.1A
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝑠 1.5 ′
3) 𝑃𝑒 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑟 + 𝐶3 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝐶3 = 0.6 + 2 ≤ 0.9 𝐸𝑐,𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 𝑤𝑐,𝑝𝑐𝑓 𝑓𝑐,𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿 2 𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠
𝑃𝑛𝑜
When: 𝑃𝑛𝑜 Τ𝑃𝑒 ≤ 2.25  𝑃𝑛 = 0.658 𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑛𝑜
𝑃𝑛𝑜 Τ𝑃𝑒 ≥ 2.25  𝑃𝑛 = 0.877𝑃𝑒
• Tensile Strength ∅c = 0.90 Pu ≤ ∅t Pn (neglect the tension capacity of the concrete)

𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑟 𝐴𝑠𝑟
• See AISC Tables 4-13 to 4-20 for analysis/design of common filled composite columns.
AISC Spec. I6 –Load Transfer Steel Anchors
• AISC assumes plastic stress distribution • Must be ≥ 1 inch of lateral clear cover
• Load transferred to the CONCRETE 𝑉𝑟′ can be applied in 1 of 3 ways • Center-to-center spacing of stud anchors must be
• Directly to the steel section 𝐷𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑 ≤ spacing ≤ 32 𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 • Stud diameter ≤ 2.5 𝑥 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑟′ = 𝑃𝑟 1 − • Spacing of steel channel anchors ≤ 24“
𝑃𝑛0
• Directly to the concrete See AISC I3 for more case specific regulations
𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
𝑉𝑟′ = 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑛0
• Applied to both steel and concrete
• 𝑉𝑟′ must be calculated by the difference between:
1) The portion of the external force applied directly to the concrete and the value for AISC Eq. I6-1
2) The portion of the external force applied directly to the steel and the value for AISC Eq. I6-2
• Force Transfer Mechanisms

• Direct Bearing: Limit state concrete crushing  ∅ 𝑅𝑛 = ∅1.7𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴1 where 𝐴1 is loaded concrete area & ∅ = 0.65
• Shear Connection: Available bearing strength of shear connectors  𝑅𝑛 = σ 𝑄𝑐𝑣 from AISC I8.3 & 𝑄𝑐𝑣 = sum of shear str. for connectors.
• Direct Bond Interaction: only used with filled composite members. NOT encased members.
• For rectangular steel section  𝑅𝑛 = 𝐵2 𝐶𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑛  B=overall width
• For round steel section  𝑅𝑛 = 0.25𝜋𝐷2 𝐶𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑛  D=outer diameter For both eqs: 𝐶𝑖𝑛 = 2 if member extends to one side of load transf pt.
4 if member extends to two sides of ltp.
𝐹𝑖𝑛 = nominal bond stress = 0.06 ksi
Required Bond Strength  𝑅𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑅𝑛 when ∅ = 0.45
CERM 64-5 & AISC I.1 & I.2 for Examples
𝐸1 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝐸2
AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐼𝑓 𝐸1 ≤ 𝐼𝑓 𝑆1 ≤ 𝐼𝑓 𝑆2 ≤ 𝐼𝑓 𝐸2 ≤
• AISC considers 8 8 8 8
• Encased composite beams

• Filled composite beams
• Steel beams w/ mechanical anchorage
• When steel decking is used in conjunction w/ composite beams
• The area taken up by formed steel deck can carry no compressive force
• The direction of the deck w/ respect to composite beam matters 𝑆1 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆2
𝑏𝑒 = 𝐸1 + 𝑏𝑒 = + 𝑏𝑒 = 𝐸2 +
• The strength of the shear studs should be adjusted to account for the deck 2 2 2 2
Effective Flange Width

The effective width of the concrete slab shall be the sum of the effective widths for each side of
the beam centerline, each of which shall not exceed:
• 1/8th of the beam span (measured center)
• ½ of the beam spacing (measured from beam centerline to centerline of adjacent beam)
• The distance from beam centerline to edge of slab
AASHTO SPECS (not applicable to buildings)

• 1/4th beam span
• 12 times the least thickness of the slab
• Distance center to center of beams
• If slab is only on one side of the beam
• 1/12th of beam span
• 6 times slab thickness
• ½ centerlines of beam spacing
CERM 64-5 & AISC I.1 & I.2 for Examples
AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure ሽ0.85𝑓𝑐′
• Internal forces in the cross section 𝑃𝑁𝐴
• Location of the Plastic Neutral Axis (PNA) determines behavior 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
• May be located in 1) the concrete, 2) the top steel flange, or 3) the steel web
• Location of PNA is determined by the compressive forces in the concrete,
which is the lowest of the following values (see figures to the right)
• 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 (all steel in tension) 𝐹𝑦
• 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 (all concrete in compression
• σ 𝑄𝑛 (maximum force that studs can transfer)
• If 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 < 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐  PNA in concrete & steel controls design Total horizontal force below
• If 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 > 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐  PNA in steel & concrete controls design plane btw beam & slab = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦
• Shear Transfer: shear to the be taken by the anchors, between the points of maximum
positive moment and zero moment, shall be the lowest of:
• Concrete crushing  𝑉 ′ = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 ሽ0.85𝑓𝑐′
• Tensile Yield of steel section  𝑉 ′ = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
• Strength of steel anchors  𝑉 ′ = σ 𝑄𝑛
𝑃𝑁𝐴 𝐹𝑦
• Steel Headed Stud Anchors  𝑄𝑛 = 0.5𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐸𝑐 ≤ 𝑅𝑔 𝑅𝑝 𝐴𝑠𝑎 𝐹𝑢
• 𝐴𝑠𝑎 = shank cross sectional area
• 𝑅𝑔 = group effect coefficient AISC I8.2a 𝐹𝑦
• 𝑅𝑝 = position effect coefficient AISC I8.2a
• See AISC Table 3-21 for list of 𝑄𝑛 values
• Steel Channel Anchors  𝑄𝑛 = 0.3 𝑡𝑓𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 + 0.5𝑡𝑤𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝐿𝑎 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐸𝑐 Total horizontal force above plane
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 btw beam & slab = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐
• Number of Anchors  # of anchors =
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 (𝑄𝑛 )
• Min/Max spacing  AISC I8.2c&d
• Diameter of stud must be less than 2.5 𝑡𝑓
CERM 64-5 & AISC I.1 & I.2 for Examples AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure 𝑏𝑒
Moment Capacity ∅𝑀𝑛 when Neutral Axis in Concrete Slab ሽ0.85𝑓𝑐′
Calculation Method: t a 𝑃𝑁𝐴
• Determine Required Flexural Strength (𝑀𝑢 ) 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ (𝑑−2𝑘) 𝐸
• Check = < 3.76 = 90.55 𝑓𝑜𝑟 50𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦𝑓
• If not less than: can’t use plastic stress distribution d 𝐹𝑦
• Approximate depth of compressive stress block
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦
• 𝑎= ′  𝑎 < 𝑡 (PNA in slab)
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑒
𝑑 𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 +𝑡−  ∅ = 0.9 Total horizontal force below
2 2
plane btw beam & slab = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦
• ∅𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑈 ?
TFL
Express/Simplified Method: 2
• Determine Required Flexural Strength (𝑀𝑢 ) 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 3
• Estimate initial moment arm for distance from top of steel beam to concrete force, 𝑌2 . 4
BFL
Using a=1.0 or 2.0 is ok usually. Overestimate capacity by 5% or so.
𝑎
• 𝑌2𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡 − 2 6 where σ 𝑄𝑛 =
σ 𝑄𝑛5 +σ 𝑄𝑛7
2
• AISC Table 3-19 w/ 𝑀𝑢 & 𝑌2𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒  Select beam & PNA location to achieve strength
• Try to select 𝑌1 appropriate for the situation (In this case 𝑌1 = 0 indicating TFL) 7 where σ 𝑄𝑛 = 0.25𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠
• Get σ 𝑄𝑛 from Table 3-19
• Determine 𝑏𝑒
σ 𝑄𝑛
• Depth of compression block 𝑎 =
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒
𝑎
• Substitute into 𝑌2 = 𝑡 − to get value of 𝑌2𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 for the same beam @ same location
2
• AISC Table 3-19 and 𝑌2𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 to interpolate to get actual available strength
CERM 64-5 & AISC I.1 & I.2 for Examples AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure
t ሽ0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡
Calculation Method:
Moment Capacity ∅𝑴𝒏 when Neutral Axis in Steel Flange/Web 𝑃𝑁𝐴 𝐹𝑦 𝑏𝑓 𝑌ത
ℎ (𝑑−2𝑘) 𝐸
• Check 𝑡 = < 3.76 = 90.55 𝑓𝑜𝑟 50𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦𝑓
• If not less than: can’t use plastic stress distribution 𝑌ത
• Approximate depth of compressive stress block d
• 𝑎=
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦
 𝑎 > 𝑡 (PNA in steel) 𝐹𝑦 (𝐴𝑠 − 𝑏𝑓 𝑦)
ത
• Is PNA in flange or web?
• Assume base of steel flange
• 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 Total horizontal force above plane
• 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 − 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 btw beam & slab = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 −0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡
• If C > T, PNA is in steel flange and 𝑌ത = 2𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝑡 𝑌ത 𝑑
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑦ത + 2𝐹𝑦 𝑏𝑓 𝑌ത + 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 − 𝑦ത ∅ = 0.9
2 2 2
• ∅𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑈 ?
Express/Simplified Method:
• Determine Required Flexural Strength (𝑀𝑢 )
• Estimate initial moment arm for distance from top of steel beam to concrete force, 𝑌2 . Using a=1.0 or 2.0 is
ok usually. Overestimate capacity by 5% or so.
𝑎
• 𝑌2𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡 −
2
• AISC Table 3-19 w/ 𝑀𝑢 & 𝑌2𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒  Select beam & PNA location to achieve strength
• Try to select 𝑌1 appropriate for the situation (In this case 𝑌1 = 𝑦ത resulting in interpolation)
• Get σ 𝑄𝑛 from Table 3-19
• Determine 𝑏𝑒
σ𝑄
• Depth of compression block 𝑎 = 0.85𝑓𝑛′ 𝑏
𝑐 𝑒
𝑎
• Substitute into 𝑌2 = 𝑡 − 2 to get value of 𝑌2𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 for the same beam @ same location
• AISC Table 3-19 and 𝑌2𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 to interpolate to get actual available strength
AISC Spec. I3 – Flexure
• Shear Connectors
• Strong vs weak orientation (weak is commonly chosen because engineers can’t
always control field installation).
• AISC Table 3-21  Choose individual stud strength for given conditions
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 σ 𝑄𝑛
• Number of Anchors per half 𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 = =
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 (𝑄𝑛 ) 𝑄𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑)
• Full composite vs partial composite
• When full strength of steel beam is not needed in finished structure, but may be
needed during construction or to meet serviceability requirements, partial composite
action is available. Cost savings
Partial Composite Method

Once a fully composite σ 𝑄𝑛 is established, compare it with the number of studs 𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓
σ 𝑄𝑛,𝑝𝑐
• σ 𝑄𝑛,𝑝𝑐 = 𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑄𝑛  new concrete compression depth 𝑎 =
σ 𝑄𝑛 −σ 𝑄𝑛,𝑝𝑐 𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
• Redo the section force balance 𝐶𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏𝑒  area of steel in comp =𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 =  Distance TOS to PNA 𝑌1 =
2𝐹𝑦 𝑏𝑓
𝑎 𝑑 𝑌1
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑝 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 − + 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑦 − 𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝐹𝑦
2 2 2
STEEL BEAM – Flange & Web Concentrated Loads
I shaped members Section J10 AISC
Nomenclature
P1 = single tensile forces on flange and web within “d” of beam end
P2 = single tensile forces on flange and web outside “d” of beam end
P3 = single comp. forces on flange and web outside “d” of beam end
M1
P4 = single comp. forces on flange and web within “d” of beam end
P6 P5
P5 & P7 = tensile forces doubled by M1 & M2
P3 P4 P6 & P8 = comp. forces doubled by M1 & M2
d
𝑙𝑏
d d
K
d 𝑙𝑏 + 5𝑘
d
𝑙𝑏 + 2.5𝑘
P1 P2
K
N N
P8 P7
𝑙𝑏
M2
STEEL BEAM – Flange & Web Concentrated Loads
I shaped members Section J10 AISC
Loads within the span. NOT BEAM BEARING

What loads are present?
Load Type Tensile Single-Concentrated Forces Tensile Double-Concentrated Forces Comp. Single-Concentrated Forces Comp. Double-Concentrated Forces
Flange Local Bending ø = 0.9 Web Local Yielding ø =1.00 Web Local Crippling ø = 0.75 Web Sideways Crippling (See next page)
Limit State If load width across flange < 0.15 𝑏𝑓 Load applied over “d” from beam end: Load applied over d/2 from beam end:
to Check then don’t check this. 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑤 5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤
1.5
𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 Web Compression Buckling (See next page)
2
Load applied within “d” from beam end: 𝑅𝑛 = 0.8𝑡𝑤 1+3
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
• 𝑅𝑛 = 6.25𝐹𝑦𝑓 𝑡𝑓2 [AISC J10-1] 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑤 2.5𝑘 + 𝑙𝑏 Web Panel Zone Shear (See next page)
Load applied ˂ d/2 from beam end:
• If load applied ≤ 10𝑡𝑓 from end, Use 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠 not 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑡 for W members 𝑙𝑏
reduce 𝑅𝑛 by 50%. When required, spec transv. stiffeners ≤ 0.2 
𝑑
• When required, spec transverse 𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤
1.5
𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
2
stiffeners. øRn > Ru ? 𝑅𝑛 = 0.4𝑡𝑤 1+3
𝑙𝑏
≥ 0.2 
𝑑
øRn > Ru ? 2 1+
4𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑤
1.5
𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
𝑅𝑛 = 0.4𝑡𝑤 − 0.2
øRn > Ru ?
STEEL BEAM – Beam End Bearing Requirements
AISC Ch 9. PPI study book pg. 6-10
1 Web Local Yield @ Beam Ends Web Local Crippling @ Beam Ends
AISC Manual Table 9-4 uses 𝑙𝑏 = 3 4 ":
Beam End Bearing Constants Comp. Force Applied ˂ “d” from beam end: Comp. Force Applied ˂ “d/2” from beam end:
𝑙
∅𝑅𝑛 = ∅𝑅1 + 𝑙𝑏 ∅𝑅2 If 𝑏 ≤ 0.2
𝑑
𝑅1 = 2.5𝑘𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑤 ∅𝑅𝑛 = ∅𝑅3 + 𝑙𝑏 ∅𝑅4
∅𝑅𝑛 −∅𝑅1
𝑙𝑏 = >𝑘
∅𝑅2
𝑅2 = 𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑤 𝑙𝑏 =
∅𝑅𝑛 −∅𝑅3
>𝑘
∅𝑅4
𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 Comp. Force Applied ≥ “d” from beam end: 𝑙𝑏
2
𝑅3 = 0.40𝑡𝑤 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 2∅𝑅1 + 𝑙𝑏 ∅𝑅2 > 0.2
𝑑
𝑡𝑤
∅𝑅𝑛 = ∅𝑅5 + 𝑙𝑏 ∅𝑅6
1.5 ∅𝑅𝑛 −2∅𝑅1
2
3 𝑡𝑤 𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 𝑙𝑏 = >𝑘
𝑅4 = 0.40𝑡𝑤 ∅𝑅2 ∅𝑅𝑛 −∅𝑅5
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤 𝑙𝑏 = >𝑘
∅𝑅6
1.5 Comp. Force Applied ≥ “d/2” from beam end:

2
𝑡𝑤 𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 ∅𝑅𝑛 = 2 ∅𝑅3 + 𝑙𝑏 ∅𝑅4
𝑅5 = 0.40𝑡𝑤 1 − 0.2
𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
∅𝑅𝑛 −2∅𝑅3
𝑙𝑏 = >𝑘
2∅𝑅4
1.5
2
4 𝑡𝑤 𝐸𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓
𝑅6 = 0.40𝑡𝑤
STEEL BEAM – Bearing Plate Design & Bearing
on Concrete & Masonry
Bearing on Concrete:
Section 10.14 of ACI 318 &AISC Spec J8
• Loaded Area 1v:2h slope
𝐴2
• Design strength increase based on ൗ𝐴1
proportionality
See pg 6-13 & design example in Steel design PE study guide.

• Bearing plate thickness
• Plastic section modulus
• AISC Part 14
• Also See page 334 Mccormack Steel textbook
Bearing on Masonry:
Section 1.9.5 of ACI 530
STEEL BEAM – Stiffener & Double Plate Requirements
Check 𝑅𝑢 against Verify Stiffeners Meet Required Strength:
• ø𝑅𝑛 for Web Local Yielding • Determine Gross Area of Cross Shaped Column
2
• ø𝑅𝑛 Web Crippling • 𝐴𝑔,𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 12𝑡𝑤 if end stiffener
2
If ø𝑅𝑛 < 𝑅𝑢 Use a stiffener! 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 25𝑡𝑤 if interior stiffener
when: 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑡
• Effective web length = 𝐿𝑤,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 12𝑡𝑤 if end stiffener 𝑏𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑡
How much strength does the stiffener need to handle? = 25𝑡𝑤 if interior stiffener
(It’s the difference between the applied load and what 12𝑡𝑤
• Calculate Moment of Inertia of the Cross-shaped Column 𝐼𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 25𝑡𝑤 (interior stiffener)
the unstiffened beam can handle) 𝑏𝑑 3 𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑑 3 𝑤 𝑡𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤 +2𝑏𝑠𝑡 3 3
𝐿𝑤,𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑡𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤
𝑅𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑢 − ∅𝑅𝑛 𝐼𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠𝑡 + 𝐼𝑤 = + = +
12 12 12 12
• Calculate Effective Slenderness Ratio (Eff. Length Factor = 0.75)

Determine min/max stiffener widths
𝑏 −𝑡𝑤 𝑏𝑓 −𝑡𝑤 𝐾𝐿 𝐾ℎ𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑏𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 2 𝑏𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = when: 𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
𝑟 𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑔,𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
6
Choose width closer to the max
Nominal Axial Compression Load Capacity 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔,𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠
Determine min stiffener thickness
When Effective slenderness ratio When Effective slenderness ratio
ℎ𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑 − 2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝐾𝐿 𝐸
≤ 4.71 > 4.71
𝑟 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 𝐹𝑦
Check Coeff. of slender unstiffened elements in 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
compression (𝑘𝑐 ): 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦
AISC Table B4.1A (Note a)
4 𝜋2𝐸
𝑘𝑐 = ℎ [0.35 𝑘𝑐 ≤ 0.76] 𝐹𝑒 =
𝑠𝑡 2
𝑡𝑤 𝐾𝐿
𝑟
Calculate limiting width/thickness ratio for stiffener:

𝑏𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑐 𝐸 𝑏𝑠𝑡 Calculate the Design Strength: 𝑃𝑢,𝑠𝑡 = ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛
≤ 0.64  𝑡𝑠𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥
𝑡𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑦 0.64
𝑘𝑐 𝐸
𝐹𝑦
𝑃𝑢,𝑠𝑡 > Rst ?

Connecting Elements – AISC Ch. 9
AISC Chapter 9: Limit States
AISC Part 9: Design of Connecting Elements
• Gross area 𝐴𝑔 and effective net area 𝐴𝑛 may have effective width modified by “Whitmore Section”
• When connecting elements are large compared to bolted/welded joints, the Whitmore Section limits the gross and net areas of
connecting elements to less than the full area.
• 𝑙𝑤 is determined by spreading the force at the start of the joint by 30𝑜 along the line of force.
• Connecting elements subject to Tension

• Available strength due to tension yielding & rupture, ∅𝑅𝑛 must exceed 𝑅𝑢 per AISC Spec. J4.1
• Tensile yielding: 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 w/ ∅ = 0.9
• Tensile rupture: 𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 w/ ∅ = 0.75
• 𝐴𝑒 is the effective net area from section D3. For bolted splice plates, 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 ≤ 0.85𝐴𝑔
• Connecting elements subject to Block Shear Rupture

• Available strength due to block shear rupture, ∅𝑅𝑛 must exceed 𝑅𝑢 per AISC Spec. J4.3. AISC Table 9-3 is used to calculate BSR.
• Connecting element Rupture Strength at Welds

• Check used to calculate min. base metal thickness that matches available shear rupture strength of base metal to the shear rupture
strength of welds.
2 𝐷
0.6𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 3.09𝐷 6.19𝐷
2 16
• Fillets on 1 side of conn. element, 𝑡min(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = = Weld on both sides  𝑡min(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) =
0.6𝐹𝑢(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝐹𝑢(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) 𝐹𝑢(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
• Connection elements subject to Compression Yielding & Buckling
• Available strength ∅𝑃𝑛 must exceed 𝑃𝑢 per AISC Spec. J4.4.
𝐾𝐿
• When 𝑟 ≤ 25  𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 w/ ∅ = 0.9
𝐾𝐿
• When 𝑟 > 25  Use Chapter E (Part E3 most likely)
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 w/ ∅ = 0.9
𝐹𝑦
𝐾𝐿 𝐸 𝜋2 𝐸
• When 𝑟
≤ 4.71 𝐹𝑦
 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝑦 Where: 𝐹𝑒 (𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝐾𝐿 2
𝑟
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
• When > 4.71  𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.877𝐹𝑒
𝑟 𝐹𝑦
Connecting Elements
AISC Chapter 9: Limit States
• Affected Elements subjected to Flexure
• Must satisfy the following, in accordance w/ AISC Spec./Table F1.1
• Flexural yielding, Lateral-Torsional Buckling, & Local Buckling
• Rupture: For beams/girders w/ bolt holes in tension flange 
• AISC spec. F13.1 (also pg 5-38 in PPI book)
• For other connecting elements, available flexural rupture strength  𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑡 w/ ∅ = 0.75
• Strength of Coped Beams
• For a coped beam, the required flexural strength 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑅𝑢 𝑒 Where:
• 𝑅𝑢 is the beam end reaction
• “e” = distance from face of cope to the point of inflection of the beam (inches). The point of inflection may conservatively be taken as the distance from the cope face to
the surface of the supporting member (shown in figure).
• The Available Flexural Local Buckling Strength of a beam w/ coped flanges must exceed 𝑀𝑢
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 w/ ∅ = 0.9 where 𝐹𝑐𝑟 & 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 depend upon the extent to which each flange is coped.
𝜋2 𝐸 𝑡𝑤 2 𝑡𝑤 2
• Coped @ Top Flange Only: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 12 𝑓𝑘 ≤ 𝑓𝑦  commonly for E=29000ksi  𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 26,210 𝑓𝑘 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
1−𝑣 2 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑜
2𝑐 𝑐 ℎ𝑜 1.65 𝑐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ≤ 1.0 2.2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ≤ 1.0
𝑑 𝑑 𝑐 ℎ𝑜
• Where: E=29,000 ksi, 𝑣 = 0.3, 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑒𝑏 𝑚𝑡𝑟𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑, 𝑓 = ቐ 𝑐 𝑐 & 𝑘= ℎ𝑜 𝑐
1+ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 > 1.0 2.2 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ > 1.0
𝑑 𝑑
𝑜
𝑤 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑐𝑡
• Same Cope Length @ Both Flanges when 𝑐 ≤ 2𝑑 & 𝑑𝑐 ≤ 0.2𝑑: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.62𝜋𝐸 𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑑 ≤ 𝐹𝑦 where: 𝑓𝑑 = 3.5 − 7.5
𝑜 𝑑
1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 λ ≤ 0.7
ℎ𝑜 𝐹𝑦
• All Other Cases: 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝑄𝐹𝑦 with λ = , 𝑄 = ൞1.34 − 0.486λ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0.7 < λ ≤ 1.41
ℎ𝑜 2 1.30
10𝑡𝑤 475+280
𝑐 λ2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 λ > 1.41
• When the Tension Flange Cope Longer than Comp. Flange Cope: Check Flexural Yielding @ end of tension flange cope  𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡(𝑒𝑛𝑑) w/ ∅ = 0.9
Connecting Elements
AISC Chapter 9:
Prying, Rotational Ductility, & Shims/Fillers

• Prying Action is when deformation of a connecting element under a tensile force increases the tensile force in the bolts due to applied tensile force alone.
• Design includes sizing bolts & connection element thicknesses so there is sufficient strength. Based on 𝐹𝑢
• Example on pg 453 McCormack Textbook & AISC Design Example II.D-1
• The Thickness Required to Eliminate Prying Action is:
4𝑇𝑏 ′
• 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (This essentially ensures that “q” is equal to 0).
∅𝑝𝐹𝑢
𝑑
• Where: 𝐹𝑢 =min. Tensile strength of element, T=required strenth per bolt (𝑟𝑢𝑡 ), 𝑏 ′ =𝑏 − 2𝑏,
• b=dist. from bolt centerline to center leg of angle or face of “T”, & 𝑝 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ⇒ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑏, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ≤ 𝑠
• Other cases, including some contribution of “q”, are included on pg 9-12 of AISC Steel Manual
• Rotational Ductility is required for simple connections by AISC Spec. J1.2 for the following:
• Dbl. Angle, Shear End-Plate, Single-Angle, & T-Shear Connections  geometry & thickness of conn. element to support are configured to allow flexure in simple-beam end rotation.
• Stiffened & Unstiffened seated Connections  geometry & thickness of top/side stability angle is configured to allow connecting element to accommodate simple-beam end rotation.
• Single-Plate connections  geometry & thickness of plate configured so the plate will yield, bolt group will rotate, and/or bolt holes will elongate prior to failure of welds or bolts.
• AISC Part 10 has guidance for the above cases, except T-shear (which can be found on AISC pg 9-14).
• Shims & Fillers are used in simple-shear connections, PR, and FR moment connections, column base-plates, and column splices.
• Strip shims are cheaper to make, but finger shims can be inserted laterally and don’t require erection bolts to be removed
• Finger shims, inserted fully against the bolt shank, are acceptable in slip-critical connections and are not to be considered an internal ply w/ SSL holes
• Because less than 25% of available contact surface is lost, which is not enough to affect joint performance.
• AISC J3.8 (SC bolted connections) & J5.2 (fillers in bolted connections) describe effect of fillers and shims on joint strength.
• Web Reinforcement of Coped Beams
• See AISC pg 9-17 for stipulations
Simple Shear Connections
AISC Chapter 9:
• Prying pg 453 Mccormakck textbook.
Beam End Coped At Top Flange
Doubler Plates @ Simple Shear Connections (AISC Design Example II.A-6)
• When a given design reaction exceeds the available strength of a coped beam, a doubler plate may be used to compensate
• Double plate required strength  𝑅𝑢 − ∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 = 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑅𝑢 −∅𝑅𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑒
• Additional Section Modulus Required to satisfy additional strength  𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞 = ∅𝐹𝑦
• e should include ½” setback.
6𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞
• Proper doubler plate thickness  𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 2
• Use plate material to match beam material’s strength. ASTM A572-50 works with A992 beams.
• Doubler plate must extend at least the vertical depth of the cope past the end of the horizontal cope.
• Size plate accordingly and use fillet welds on top and bottom to attach to beam web.
Longitudinal Stiffener @ Simple Shear Connections (AISC Design Example II.A-6)

σ 𝐴𝑦ത
• Isolate the N.A. with a proposed Stiffener N.A. Height  σ𝐴
 4.39” in the example to the right.
• Evaluate Slenderness of Long. Stiffener per AISC Spec. B4.1b Case 11
𝐾𝑐 𝐸 4
• λ𝑟 = 0.95 Where: 0.35 ≤ 𝐾𝑐 = ≤ 0.76
𝐹𝐿 ℎ
𝑡𝑤
𝑥 𝐼 𝑥 𝐼
• Calculate the ratio of the section moduli: 𝑆𝑥𝑐 = 𝑐(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝) 𝑣 = 𝑐(𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) Compression is on top of the beam
𝑆𝑥𝑡
•  Table B4.1b footnote [b] to determine which 𝐹𝐿 value.  calculate λ𝑟
𝑆𝑥𝑐
𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔.𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
• (using b as ½ bflange) determine if stiffener is slender. Upsize it if it is slender.
𝑡
𝑭𝒚 𝑺𝒏𝒆𝒕
• 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑆𝑥𝑐  Nominal strength of reinforced section  𝑹𝒏 = 𝒆 w/ ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗 & 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
• Long. Stiffener must extend at least the vertical depth of the cope past the end of the horizontal cope
• Size plate accordingly and use fillet welds on top and bottom to attach to beam web.
Beam End Coped At Top & Bottom Flanges
Doubler Plates @ Simple Shear Connections (AISC Design Example II.A-7)
• When top and bottom are coped, use the equations on pg 9-9 of AISC to determine 𝐹𝑐𝑟
• This is also on the previous slide for coped beams.
• Local Buckling of Compression (Top) Flange Cope
𝑡 ℎ 2 W16x40
• 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑤6 𝑜
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝑛
• 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑒  w/ ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗 & 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑡𝑜𝑝
• Flexural Yielding of Tension (Bottom) Flange Cope
• Ignoring the 3.5” compression cope  Use Table 9-2 to get 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 15.6 𝑖𝑛3
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝑛
• 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑒  w/ ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗 & 𝜴 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
• Lower of the two values governs!
AISC Chapter 10:
Simple Shear Connections • Strength of Connecting Elements:
• The ends of simple shear connections assumed to be free to rotate under loads • Bolt shear
• Comparing Connection Alternatives • Bolt bearing on angles
• Two-Sided Connections – double angles, shear end plates • Shear yielding of angles
• Good when end reaction is large • Shear rupture of angles
• Block shear of angles
• Compact  contained within flanges
• Helps regulate/minimize eccentricities
• Seated Connections – Stiffened or unstiffened
• Shop attached option
• Ample erection clearances
• Safe erection
• One-Sided Connections – Single-plate, Single-angle, tee connections
• Shop attachment to support
• Reduced material and shop labor
• Excellent safety because no double connections
Design Tables
• Table 10-1  All bolted Double-Angle Connections • Beam web strength per inch of thickness:
• Supported & Supporting members 𝐹𝑦 = 50𝑘𝑠𝑖 & 𝐹𝑢 = 65𝑘𝑠𝑖 • Depends on the cope: 𝐿𝑒𝑣
• Angle Material 𝐹𝑦 = 36𝑘𝑠𝑖 & 𝐹𝑢 = 58𝑘𝑠𝑖
• Eccentricity neglected for distance btw face of angles to CL of bolts ≤ 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
• Steps to use the table:
1. Establish member sizes and support thicknesses
2. Required strength/design loads
3. Select bolt rows and trial angle size based on geometry constraints
4. Evaluate a) Strength of connecting elements, b) beam we strength, and
c) available strength of support.
• Available strength of Support per inch of

thickness
Double Angle Connections • Beware of Case I vs Case II
Bolted/Welded Double Angle Connection
• Table 10-2  When double angle connection includes either 1) weld to beam
web or 2) weld to support element.
1. Use it in conjunction with Table 10-1, but substitute for appropriate
check.
2. Be sure to check minimum support and web thicknesses
3. Minimum Angle Thickness AISC J2.2b based on fillet weld size.
Fully Welded Double Angle Connection

• Table 10-3  When double angle connection includes both 1) weld to beam
web and 2) weld to support
1. Replaces Table 10-1.
2. Be sure to check minimum support & web thickness.
3. Check shear yielding of angles along weld length.
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 2 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣  ∅ = 1.0 & Ω = 1.5
Double Angle Connections
Double Angle Connections w/ Beam Copes (AISC Design Example 11.A-4)
• Use appropriate Table 10-# for the Weld/Bolt Orientation
• Incorporate 𝐿𝑒𝑣 to account for weakened beam section
• Block Shear strength from Tables 9-3a,b,c may be used for 𝐿𝑒𝑣 & 𝐿𝑒ℎ over those given in Table 10-1.
• Table 10-1 values include checks on limit-state of bolt bearing and block shear rupture.
• So limit states of 1) Flexural Yielding & 2) Local Buckling must be checked independently.
• Flexural Local Web Buckling
• See previous slides on AISC Ch. 9
• Depending on the relationship of “c” & “d”, isolate 𝐹𝑐𝑟
𝐹 𝑆
• 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡  ∅ = 0.9 & Ω = 1.67
• Shear Yielding of Beam Web  𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣  𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤 ℎ𝑜  ∅ = 1.0 & Ω = 1.5
• Shear Rupture of Beam Web  𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣  𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝑡𝑤 ℎ𝑜 − 𝑛 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 0.125  ∅ = 0.75 & Ω =2.0
• Accounts for:
Single Plate Connections – Shear Tabs AISC 10-102 • Bolt Shear,
Conventional Configuration • Bolt Bearing,
• Dimensional Limitations • Shear Yielding,
• One vertical column of bolts (2 to 12 bolts) • Shear Rupture,
• Block Shear of End-Plate
• Dimension “a” must be ≤ 3.5”
• Std. or short slotted holes as noted in Table 10-9
• Vertical edge distance 𝐿𝑒𝑣 must satisfy Table J3.4
• Horizontal edge distance 𝐿𝑒ℎ ≥ 2𝑑𝑏
• Plate thickness or beam web thickness must satisfy max in Table 10-9.
• Design Checks
• Bolts & Plate must be checked for shear with eccentricity “e” give in
Table 10-9.
• Plate buckling typically doesn’t control for conventional configuration.
Extended Configuration
• Procedure for extended config. and conventional w/ multiple bolt columns.
• Dimensional Limitations
• # of bolts, n, not limited
• Distance from weld line to bolt line, a, not limited
• Holes in accordance w/ J3.2
• 𝐿𝑒𝑣 & 𝐿𝑒ℎ to satisfy Table J3.4
• Design Checks
• Bolt group required for given eccentricity
• Max plate thickness so that plate moment strength doesn’t exceed the
moment strength of the bolt group in shear
• Plate: Shear yield, shear rupture, block shear
• Plate: shear yield, shear buckling, yielding due to flexure
• Dbl coped beam procedure Ch 9.
• Support beam bracing
AISC Table 10-10

• Evaluated for “a”=3”, but valid for “a” btw 2.5 & 3 inches.

Steel Design FlowCharts 4-17-17

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Steel Design Flowcharts

Tensile Design Information

Yielding: ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗 Fixed Anchor

𝐹𝑦 𝑍 = 36 0.211 = 7.60 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛 (𝐺𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝑁𝑆)

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 7.60 = 6.84 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛

∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢  6.84 𝑘𝑖𝑝 − 𝑖𝑛 = (4𝑖𝑛)(𝑃)  𝑃 = 1.71 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Load on Fixed Anchor:

Zone 1 Bending Zone 2 Bending Zone 3 Bending

Determine Cb Table 3-1 Ireq to comply with IBC

loading 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐹6 𝑝𝑔 16.1 − 56

Be careful with “b” dimension and “t”

λ = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑝𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 λ𝑟𝑓 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

øMn > Mu ? øMn > Mu ?

Identify Governing Limit State for Moment Capacity

øMn > Mu ? Slender Flange:

𝑀𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝑆𝑥 øMn > Mu ?

Maximum ∅𝑣 𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑣 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑤 𝐶𝑣 ∅𝑣 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔

Determine Vn to satisfy ∅𝑣 = 0.9 𝐷 𝑡

Usually 𝐿𝑣 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜

Otherwise: ∅𝑣 = 0.90 𝐶𝑣 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 by

• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 [AISC E3-1] Built-in (rotation fixed,

Slender Elements ≠ Slender Members

Check Table B4.1a for slender elements

Nominal Compressive Strength

Determine 𝑃𝑢 Alternate Procedure!

• Otherwise: Verify column @ length 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 ′

• Calculate L/𝑟𝑥 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 75:

if 0 ≤ L/𝑟𝑥 ≤ 80 if L/𝑟𝑥 > 80 𝑟 𝑟𝑥 𝑏𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑧

Column Setting Methods

Bolted Connections – Tension Considerations

Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J A D e

ICR Method Elastic Method

Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method Calculate Moment Created by Eccentricity

Combined Shear & Tension AISC Ch 7

Shear & Tensile Stress in Bolts at 30% Threshold?:

Bolted Connection Design – AISC Spec J e

Shear & Tensile Stress in Bolts at 30% Threshold?:

𝑛𝑏 =number of bolts carrying the applied tension 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

CHECK ALL ADDITIONAL LIMIT STATES

Welded Connection Design – AISC Spec J

Tables Strength of PJP welds  𝑡𝑒 𝐿 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

0.6𝐹𝐸𝑋𝑋 0.707(𝑤) 16𝑡ℎ 16𝑡ℎ Ω 2 16𝑡ℎ

• C) Fillet weld groups concentrically loaded w/ longitudinal and

Method 1: Shear Lag Up Front Method 2: Shear Lag to Lengthen Welds

Block Shear: Shear Lag Factor Higher of Case 2 or 4

ICR Method Ultimate Strength Method

B) Givens: 𝑒𝑥 , 𝐿  Determine kL & required fillet weld size (D # of sixteenths)

ICR Method Workflow:

4) Weld Requirements and Base Metal Check

• If using ASD, substitute 0.928𝑘ൗ𝑖𝑛ൗ for 1.392 𝑘ൗ𝑖𝑛ൗ

End Panels, Tension-Field Action NOT Permitted

Stiffened Plate Girder

Compact, Noncompact, Slender? Table B4.1b Case 11

Be careful with “b” dimension and “t”

𝐸 𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑡 is the specified minimum yield stress of stiffener

𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡. Transverse Stiffeners

Read your damn textbook and PE review book or maybe the

AISC Design Methods

• Compressive Strength ∅𝑐 = 0.75 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛

• Tensile Strength ∅𝑐 = 0.90 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 (neglect the tension capacity of the concrete)

• Tensile Strength ∅c = 0.90 Pu ≤ ∅t Pn (neglect the tension capacity of the concrete)

• Force Transfer Mechanisms

• Encased composite beams